& Applied Research 9/15/2014 2 1. Observation Broad area of research interest identified 2. Preliminary Data Gathering Interviewing Literature survey 3. Problem Definition Research problem delineated 7. Data Collection Analysis, and Interpretation 8. Deduction Hypotheses substantiated? Research question answered? 4. Theoretical Framework
Variables clearly identified and labelled 5. Generation of Hypothesis 6. Scientific Research Design 9. Report Writing 10. Report Presentation 11. Managerial Decision Making No Yes The Research Design 9/15/2014 3 Purpose of the study
Exploration Description Hypothesis Testing Types of investigation
Establishing: Causal relationships Correlations Study setting
Contrived
Non- contrived Measurement & Measures
Operational definition: Items Scaling Categorizing Coding Population to be studied
Individuals Groups Companies Machines etc Sampling design
Probability/ Nonprobability
Sample size (n) Time horizon
One-short
Longitudinal Data collection method
Observation Interview Questionnaire Physical measurement Unobtrusive Extent of researcher interference
Minimal: Studying events as they normally occur Manipulation 1. Feel for data
2. Goodness of data
3. Hypothesis testing Data Analysis Measurement Details of Study RESEARCH DESIGN OUTLINE PURPOSE OF STUDY
TYPE OF INVESTIGATION
RESEARCHER INTERFERENCE
STUDY SETTING
UNITS OF ANALYSIS
TIME HORIZON 1. PURPOSE OF STUDY EXPLORATORY Study Situation unknown Preliminary Information for comprehensive study Example: Ethical values of different Cultures to manage workforce diversity Focus groups and comprehensive interviews are appropriate
1. PURPOSE OF STUDY DESCRIPTIVE STUDY: to describe features of a variable Goal is to offer a profile of the relevant aspects of the phenomena of interest from an individual, organizational, industry oriented or other perspective. Understand characteristics Think systematically offer ideas for further probe and research helps in decision making Quantitative data in terms of frequencies, means, percentages and standard deviations are necessary.
9/15/2014 6 1. PURPOSE OF STUDY TESTING HYPOTHESIS explain nature of relationships, differences and interdependences among factors e.g: sales volume promotion efforts CASE STUDY conceptual analysis of similar situations for generalization Difficult to find same type of problem in comparable setting. 2. TYPE OF INVESTIGATION CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP: establish definite cause of a problem e.g: does smoking causes cancer?
CORELATION: identify important factors associated with problem e.g.: are smoking and cancer related? 3.RESEARCHER INTERFERENCE minimal if study in natural setting e.g: training effectiveness based on data
manipulation, control or simulation: analyst controls variables e.g.effect of light on worker output
4.STUDY SETTING NON CONTRIVED natural setting-field experiment e.g are the rates of interest related to extent of deposits?
CONTRIVED Controlled settings independent variable changed to see effect on dependant lab experiment e.g.to study relationship of rate of interest on inclination to save the rates of interest in various branches are changed 4.STUDY SETTING Field Study Non-contrived setting as no changes were made Field Experiment Some factors are manipulated Lab Experiment Contrived settings and maximum interferences 9/15/2014 11 5. UNITS OF ANALYSIS INDIVIDUALS: e.g: study motivation of employees DYADS: interaction of supervisor-subordinate pair GROUP: e.g: pattern of misuse by various departments ORGANIZATIONS: e.g: Differnces among functions of management in various organizations CULTURES: e.g. nations as unit of analysis 6. TIME HORIZON CROSS SECTIONAL: one shot study-one time or period e.g data study of stock market april-june LONGITUDINAL: study of information at more than one period of time e.g: change in behavior of employees before and after management change