DI E S E L E NGI NE S CONVE RT T HE

CHE MI CAL E NE RGY CONTAI NE D I N

T HE F UE L I NTO ME CHANI CAL P OWE R.
DI E S E L F UE L I S I NJ E CT E D UNDE R
P RE S S URE I NTO T HE E NGI NE
CYL I NDE R WHE RE I T MI XE S WI T H AI R
AND WHE RE T HE COMBUS T I ON
OCCURS . T HE E XHAUS T GAS E S WHI CH
ARE DI S CHARGE D F ROM T HE E NGI NE
CONTAI N S E VE RAL CONS T I T UE NT S
T HAT ARE HARMF UL TO HUMAN
HE ALT H AND TO T HE E NVI RONME NT .
EXHAUST EMISSION POLLUTANTS
Diesel engine emission
-PM(Particle matter)
-NOx(Nitrogen Oxide)
-Hc(Hydrocarbon)
PARTICULATE MATTER, PM
Particulate matter, PM is a thick, black smoke belching out
of the exhaust pipes of vehicles or a tiny pieces of solid
or liquid matter associated with emission from exhaust
pipes. Most come from diesel engine exhaust emission.
EFFECT
-Particulate matter can effect the well being of human
health because they can penetrate the deepest part of the
lungs due to size of the particles.
-it can cause asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issue
and premature death.



-Under the high pressure and temperature condition in an engine, nitrogen and oxygen
atom in the air react to form various mon0-nitrogen oxide collectively known as Nox

Effect:
-Mono-nitrogen oxide,NOx react with ammonia, moisture and other compounds to form
nitric acid vapours and related particles.
-Small particle can penetrate deeply into sensitive lung tissue and damage it , causing
premature death in extreme cases.
-Inhalation may cause or worsen respiratory diseases such as emphysema and bronchitis

HYDROCARBON,HC
-Hydrocarbon emissions results when fuel molecules in the engine do
not burn or burn partially.
-Hydrocarbon reacts in the present of nitrogen oxide and sunlight to
form ground-level ozone,a major component or smog.

EFFECT:
-Ozone iritates the eyes,damage the lungs aggravates problem.
-It is our most wide spread and intractable urban air pollution problem.
-It is also toxic,with the potential and cause cancer.

HOW CAN WE CONTROL DIESEL EMISSIONS?

-Diesel Oxidation Catalyst(DOC)
-Diesel Particulate Filters(DPF)
Passive,Active

DIESEL ENGINE NOX EMISSION CONTROL
-Exhaust Gas Recirculation(EGR)
-Lean Nox Catalyst Technology
-Selective Catalytic Resuction(SCR)
-Lean Nox Trap (Adsorber)Technology

HOW DIESEL OXIDATION CATALYST??

How it works:
An Oxidation Catalyst works similar to the way that the catalytic converter on a car
functions. As exhaust gas passes over the catalyst material, a chemical exchange
occurs and the emissions constituents (HC, CO, PM ) are oxidized to CO2 and water.
An oxidation catalyst is often referred to as a passive technology because it requires
no external supplemental energy to be added. It needs only the natural temperatures
within the diesel exhaust to catalytically convert through chemical reactions.
Benefits: Oxidation Catalysts typically reduce up to 85 percent of carbon monoxide
(CO), up to 60 percent of hydrocarbons (HC) and up to 20 percent of particulate
matter (PM) from the exhaust stream. An oxidation catalyst is ideal for equipment
that works in indoor applications, confined spaces or highly populated areas. Unlike
some after-treatment options, the oxidation catalyst can be used regardless of the
level of sulfur in the fuel, although they are most effective with fuels that have sulfur
content of 500ppm or less.
Diesel Particulate filters (DPF) or 'traps' do just that, they catch bits of soot in the exhaust.
As with any filter they have to be emptied regularly to maintain performance. For a DPF this process is called
'regeneration' the collected soot is burnt off at high temperature to leave only a tiny ash residue.

Regeneration is either passive or active
Passive regeneration
Passive regeneration takes place automatically on motorway-type runs when the exhaust temperature is high. Because
many cars don't get this sort of use car manufacturers have to design-in 'active' regeneration where the engine
management computer (ECU) takes control of the process.


Active regeneration
When the soot loading in the filter reaches a set limit (about 45%) the ECU will initiate post
combustion fuel injection to increase the exhaust temperature and trigger regeneration. If
the journey is a bit stop/start or you take your foot off the accelerator while the regeneration
is in progress, it may not complete and the warning light will come on to show that the
filter is partially blocked.
It should be possible to start a complete regeneration and clear the warning light by driving for
10 minutes or so at speeds greater than 40mph.
If the regeneration is unsuccessful the extra fuel injected will not burn and will drain into the
sump. Oil quality will deteriorate as a result of this and the level will rise. It is important
that you check that the oil level does not increase above the maximum level on the dipstick
as diesel engines can run on excess engine oil often to the point of destruction.
If you ignore the warning light and keep driving in a relatively slow, stop/start pattern, soot
loading will continue to build up until around 75% when you can expect to see other
dashboard warning lights come on too. At this point driving at speed alone will not be
enough and you will have to take the car to a dealer for regeneration