1

Rock Properties
and In-Situ Saturation
Copyright 2003 Schlumberger. Unpublished work. All rights reserved. This work contains conidential and proprietary trade secrets o Schlumberger and may
not be copied or stored in an inormational retrieval system! transerred! used! distributed! translated or retransmitted in any orm or by any means! electronic or
mechanical! in whole or part! without the e"press written permission o the copyright owner.

2
Outline

Importance to Schlumberger

Rocks properties

Porosity

Primary and Secondary

Permeability

Matrix

Fluid Saturations

Pressure

3
Objecties

State the importance to you and Schlumberger

!escribe " rocks properties

!escribe " types o# permeability

!escribe !arcy$s la% #or oil and gas %ells

!escribe primary and secondary porosity

&xplain the applications o# a perm s' porosity

plot'

!escribe and calculate (uid saturations'

)hat is the *ing +ubbert e,uation-

4
Importance to Schlumberger

)ell logging

)ell testing

.reatment design

Production prediction

5
Rock Properties

Rocks are described by three

properties/

Porosity - ,uantity o# pore space

Permeability - ability o# a #ormation to (o%

Matrix - major constituent o# the rock

6
Reseroir Rocks

Reseroir rocks need t%o properties to be success#ul/

Pore spaces able to retain hydrocarbon'

Permeability %hich allo%s the (uid to moe'

7
b
ma b
b
p
V
V V
V
V
Porosity

= = =
Porosity/ .he #raction o# total olume
that is aailable #or the storage o#
(uids

8
Porosity

Porosity depends on grain packing0 not

grain si1e

Rocks %ith di2erent grain si1es can hae the same

percentage porosity but di2erent permeability'
# Rhombohedral packing
# Pore space = 26 % of total volume
# Cubic packing
# Pore space = 4 % of total volume


9
Pore-Space 3lassi4cation

.otal porosity0
t
5

&2ectie porosity0
e
5

6ery clean sandstones /

t
5
e

Poorly to moderately %ell -cemented intergranular materials/

t

e

+ighly cemented materials and most carbonates/

e
7
t
Volume Bulk
Space Pore Total
Volume Bulk
Space Pore cted Interconne

10
Rock Matrix and Pore Space
Rock matri!
Pore space

11
3arbonate Porosity

Intergranular porosity is called 8primary

porosity8'

Porosity created a#ter deposition is

called 8secondary porosity8'

Fissures 9not Fractures:

6ugs

12
3arbonate Porosity/ Primary
"nterparticle porosity# $ach grain is
separated! giving a similar pore space
arrangement as sandstone.
"ntragranular porosity# %ore space is
created inside the individual grains which
are interconnected.

3arbonate porosity is ery heterogeneous' It is classi4ed into a number o# types/

13
Fissures 9Fractures:/
Secondary Porosity

Fissures are caused %hen a rigid rock is strained

beyond its elastic limit - it cracks'

.he #orces causing it to break are in a constant

direction0 hence all the 4ssures are also aligned'

Fissures are an important source o# permeability in

lo% porosity carbonate reseroirs'

)hat is the perm o# a ;'< in %ide 4ssure-

$issures
%atri!
3 &
'0 () (
a f
w * * . ) ft md ( w k =

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6ugs/ Secondary Porosity

6ugs are de4ned as non-connected pore space'

.hey do not contribute to the producible (uid total'

6ugs are caused by the dissolution o# soluble

material such as shell #ragments a#ter the rock has
been #ormed'

.hey usually hae irregular shapes'

Vug

15
3hannel Porosity/ Secondary

3hannel porosity/ Similar to #racture

porosity but larger'

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%ermeability is a property o the porous medium and is a measure o the

capacity o the medium to transmit luids

Absolute %erm* +hen the medium is completely saturated with one luid!
then the permeability measurement is oten reerred to as speciic or absolute
permeability

$ective %erm* +hen the rock pore spaces contain more than one luid!
then the permeability to a particular luid is called the effective permeability.
$ective permeability is a measure o the luid conductance capacity o a
porous medium to a particular luid when the medium is saturated with more
than one luid

,elative %erm* -eined as the ratio o the eective permeability to a luid at a

given saturation to the eective permeability to that luid at '00. saturation
%ermeability

17

Oil

)ater

=as
k
k
k
eo
ro
k
k
k
e&
r&
k
k
k
eg
rg
Calculating !lati"! #!$m!a%iliti!&

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Relatie Permeability 3ures
0
0.2
0.(
0./
0.)
'
0 0.' 0.2 0.3 0.( 0.0 0./ 0.1 0.) 0.& '00
'
&
k
r
k
rw
k
rg

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!arcy$s >a%
> 5 length
, 5 (o% rate
p
1
0 p
2
5 pressures
? 5 area perpendicular to (o%
5 iscosity
(
)irection of flo&
*
p
2
p
+ ,
) (
2 1
p p
L
A
q
k

=
k = permeability
-measured in
darcies.
k2 3
kh2 3

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!arcy$s >a%/ Radial Flo%
h 5 height o# the cylinder 91one:
P 5 pressure at r
P
w
5 pressure at the %ellbore
rw / r ln
) Pw P ( kh
q
2
.
$
$
w

21
( )

s / 0 1
r
r
ln 2
p p h k +1 3 14 0
(
&
e
o o
&f
5
( )

s / 0 1
r
r
ln 6 7
p p h k +1 3 15 0
(
&
e
g
2
&f
2 4
!arcy$s >a%/ Pseudosteady
State &,uations

>i,uid (o% in >aminar Flo% through a

permeable medium/

.he behaior o# gas (o%ing in laminar (o%

through a porous medium/
g
Dq s s + = '

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Permeability and Rocks

In #ormations %ith large grains0 the permeability is high and the (o% rate larger'

In a rock %ith small grains the permeability is less and the (o% lo%er'

=rain si1e has no bearing on porosity0 but has a large e2ect on permeability'
k md @ 9-:A
k
k

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Permeability B Porosity
3rossplot
+11
+1
+
10+
101+ 101+
10+
+
+1
+11
+111
2 6 +1 +4
2 6 +1 +4 +4
P
e
r
m
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

-
m
d
.
Porosity -%.
,imestone *+ 'andstone *+

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Fluid Saturations

Casic concepts o# hydrocarbon accumulation

Initially0 pore space 4lled <;;D %ith %ater

+ydrocarbons migrate up dip into traps

+ydrocarbons distributed by capillary #orces and graity

3onnate %ater saturation remains in hydrocarbon 1one

Fluid saturation is de4ned as the #raction o# pore olume

occupied by a gien (uid

!e4nitions
S
%
5 %ater saturation
S
o
5 oil saturation
S
g
5 gas saturation
S
h
5 hydrocarbon saturation 5 S
o
E S
g

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Saturation

?mount o# %ater per unit olume 5 S

%

?mount o# hydrocarbon per unit olume 5 9< - S

%
:
5 S
h

%atri!
1
8ater
9ydrocarbon
-+:'
&
.
'
&

26
In-Situ Saturation
Rock matri! 8ater ;il and<or gas
volume Pore
fluid of Volume
' =

27
Summary/
Reseroir Rock Properties

Porosity to retain fuid

Permeability to allow the fuid to move

Permeability is a dynamic property

unconnected
pore spaces
flo& path

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Reseroir Pressure

>ithostatic pressure is caused by the

pressure o# rock0 transmitted by
grain-to-grain contact'

Fluid pressure is caused by %eight o#

column o# (uids in the pore spaces'
?erage 5 ;'FGH psiI#t 9saline %ater:'

Oerburden pressure is the sum o#

the lithostatic and (uid pressures'

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&xercise/ aJRock Properties and Saturation
<' )hat are the rock properties used in reseroir engineering-
A' !e4ne the #ollo%ing perms/
&2ectie/
?bsolute/
Relatie/
"' )hat porosity contributes to hydrocarbon production 9primary0 secondary:'
F' .otal saturation is e,ual to the sum o# the 9S%0 Si0 Sg0 So:'
H' 6ugs and 4ssures occur in 9sandstones0 carbonates:'
G' &2ectie porosity is greater than the .otal Porosity' .JJJ FJJJ
K' Fractured reseroirs %ere created by 9Schlumberger0 Lature:'
M' Fissures are caused %hen a rigid rock is strained beyond its 9elastic0 pressure0 plastic: limit'
N' Fissures are an important source o# permeability in lo% porosity carbonate reseroirs' .JJJ
FJJJ
<;' .he relatie permeability o# oil or gas increases as the %ater saturation increases' .JJJJ
FJJJJ