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C
Resonant Neutral
Grounding
Capacitive Neutral
Grounding
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
R
A
B
C
400 A
10 sec
V
R
=0
Effectively
Grounded
R
A
B
C
400 A
10 sec
V
R
V
R
= 7970 Volts
If V = IR, and you wish to limit
I to 400 Amps, 7970 = 400 R
R = 19.9
Resistor must be insulated at
One terminal for 8000 V and to
pass 400 Amps for 10 seconds
without damage
7970
A
B
C
7970
A
B
C
7970
A
B
C
V
R
7970
A
B
C
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
For Low
Resistance
Resistors
ANG80-4 13800 8000 400 20 46 60 76 900
I BM Substation
Neutral Grounding Resistor
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
Impedance Transformer
Effectively
grounded under
normal conditions
7970:240 V
Grounding
Transformer
Lets limit ground fault
current to 10 amps
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
If I
G
is 10 amps, then the power through
the transformer is:
Power in the secondary is the same:
Transformer spec : 75 kVA or 100 kVA
7970 : 120 V
Resistor spec: 0.723 Rated for
240 VAC operation for 10 seconds
I
G
I
G
I
R
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
- Low voltage or 5 kV process
plant distribution
- Delta winding transformers
- Generators
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
Scott-T Connection
-Small, lightweight
-Economical
-Off-the-shelf in common ratings
-Not practical for unusual applications
(i.e. voltage, frequency, current levels)
-Limited to Low-R applications
Y - Transformer
-Standard transformer
-Applications are readily
field-designed
-Can be used for any grounding mode
-Grounding resistor can be inside delta
if single phase units are used in Hi-R scheme
-Offers option for redundant backup protection
Zig-Zag
Potential Transformers
-Custom designed
-Can fit any application
-Can be designed to
provide full reactive
limitation with no external impedance
-Can be used for effectively grounded system
-Usually required
for metering
-Economical
-Thermal ratings suitable for
-highly restricted schemes only
-Application may not provide desired limitation of
transient overvoltages because the grounded wye
winding is high impedance
H
1
,
1
H
2
,
2
H
3
,
3
X
2
X
1
X
3
X
2
X
1
X
3
H
1
,
1
H
2
,
2
H
3
,
3
2
X
2
X
3
H
1
X
1
H
2
2
H
3
X
2
3
This wye-delta transformer connection doesnt limit fault current,
except the winding impedance of the grounding transformer.
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
13800 V
13800 V
Low resistance ground fault
limiting same type calculations as before.
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
13800 V
13800 V
Legend
AM- Ammeter
CPB- Control Power Breaker
CR- Main Contactor
CT- Current Transformer
HR- Horn Relay
HRX- Auxiliary Relay
MR- Meter Relay
PR- Pulsing Relay
PT- Potential Transformer
R3- Fault Time Delay
R4- Pulsing Adjustment
TR- Timing Relay
UV- Undervoltage
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
Placing a Resistor in the transformer secondary will limit the primary
ground fault current.
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
H
0
H
3
H
2
A
C
B
H
1
R= 0.106
X
1
X
6
X
4
X
5
X
3
X
2
Transformer ratio is 23900 GRY 120 V delta. This is 13800 V to
ground on the primary, and is the voltage on each winding.
The secondary voltage of 120 V is the voltage across
each winding.
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
Under non-faulted balanced system conditions, the voltage at
the corner delta = 0
1
3
8
0
0
V = 0
1
2
0
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
B
When one phase suffers a bolted fault,
a phase for instance, the voltage vectors
change:
1
3
8
0
0
C
The resulting voltage at the delta corner rises to 208 V.
For a 0.106 Resistor with 208 V across it, the current through it
is 1963 Amps.
(The resistor is rated 208 V, 1960 Amps, 10 sec.)
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
B
7
9
7
0
C
The resulting voltage across the resistor is 120 V, and the
0.106 resistor has 1,132 Amps through it.
6
9
.
3
V
Ours is actually a 13800 V L-L system:
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
B
7
9
7
0
C
6
9
.
3
V
The resulting voltage across the resistor is 120 V, and the
0.106 resistor has 1,332 Amps through it.
This system is a high impedance grounding system that limits
current to 10 Amps.
The relay settings for the job were:
300 Amp pickup on the secondary side, which equates to 2.6 Amp
primary. 50 V setting on the 59 G relay is equal to
A voltage element, looking at voltage across the resistor, and a
current element, looking at current through the resistor, are used
in conjunction for redundant ground fault detection.
Voltage element is
much more
sensitive than
current element
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
High Voltage Bus
Normal central station practice no
generator breaker
GSU neutral not required
on generator side
Saves cost of startup transformer
Availability of suitable breakers
GSU neutral grounding required
on generator side
The ASSET Company
August 20, 2010
Low Voltage
(< 1000 volts)
Medium Voltage
(through 15kV)
High Voltage
(> 15kV)
1. Solid Grounding
2. High Resistance
1. Low resistance grounding
2. High resistance grounding
3. Effective grounding
1. Effective grounding
(at the source)