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Sistem Basis Data

Konsep Dasar
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Objectives
Definition of terms
Explain growth and importance of databases
Name limitations of conventional file processing
Identify five categories of databases
Explain advantages of databases
Identify costs and risks of databases
List components of database environment
Describe evolution of database systems
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Continentals Story
A little over a decade ago, Continental was in real trouble, ranking at
the bottom of U.S. airlines in on-time performance, mishandled
baggage, customer complaints, and overbooking.
Continental had had 10 CEOs
Today :
one of the most respected global airlines
has been named the Most Admired Global Airline on Fortune magazines list
of Most Admired Global Companies annually since 2004.
recognized as Best Airline Based in North America
the airline with the Best Airline Finance Deal by the 2008 OAG Airline of the
Year awards.
Implementation of a real-time or active data warehouse
supported the companys business strategy, dramatically improving customer
service and operations, creating cost savings, and generating revenue.
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Better optimization of airfares
using mathematical programming models that are able to adjust the number
of seats sold at a particular fare using real-time sales data
Improvement of customer relationship management
focused on Continentals most profitable customers
Immediate availability of customer profiles
Support for union negotiations,
including analysis of pilot staffing that allows management and union
negotiators to evaluate the appropriateness of work assignment decisions
Development of fraud profiles
to identify transactions that appear to fit one of over 100 fraud profiles
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Database Nowadays
Used in every aspect of life
Rapid growth
Database technology will even greater importance
Still lot work
Shortage in skill
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Definitions
Database: organized collection of logically related data
Data: stored representations of meaningful objects and events
Structured: numbers, text, dates
Unstructured: images, video, documents
Information: data processed to increase knowledge in the person
using the data
Metadata: data that describes the properties and context of user
data
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Figure 1-1a Data in context
Context helps users understand data
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Graphical displays turn data into useful
information that managers can use for
decision making and interpretation
Figure 1-1b Summarized data
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Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the
data, including data types, field sizes, allowable
values, and data context
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Disadvantages of File Processing
Program-Data Dependence
All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
Duplication of Data
Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
Limited Data Sharing
No centralized control of data
Lengthy Development Times
Programmers must design their own file formats
Excessive Program Maintenance
80% of information systems budget
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File Processing System
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Problems with Data Dependency
Each application programmer must maintain his/her own data
Each application program needs to include code for the metadata of
each file
Each application program must have its own processing routines for
reading, inserting, updating, and deleting data
Lack of coordination and central control
Non-standard file formats

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Figure 1-3 Old file processing systems at Pine Valley
Furniture Company
Duplicate Data
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Problems with Data Redundancy
Waste of space to have duplicate data
Causes more maintenance headaches
The biggest problem:
Data changes in one file could cause inconsistencies
Compromises in data integrity
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SOLUTION:
The DATABASE Approach
Central repository of shared data
Data is managed by a controlling agent
Stored in a standardized, convenient form

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Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)
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Database Approach Fundamentals
Data Models
Graphical system capturing nature and relationship of data
Enterprise Data Modelhigh-level entities and relationships for the
organization
Project Data Modelmore detailed view, matching data structure in database
or data warehouse
Entity
Person, place, object, event or a concept in user environment about which
the organization wishes to maintain data
Relationship
A well structured database establishes the relationships between entities
that exists in organizational data so that information can be retrieved.
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Segment of an Enterprise Data Model
Segment of a Project-Level Data Model
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Elements of the Database Approach
Relational Databases
Database technology involving tables (relations) representing entities and
primary/foreign keys representing relationships
Database Management System (DBMS)
A software system that is used to create, maintain dan provide controlled
access to user database.

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One customer
may place many
orders, but each
order is placed by
a single customer
One-to-many
relationship
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One order has
many order lines;
each order line is
associated with a
single order
One-to-many
relationship
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One product can
be in many
order lines, each
order line refers
to a single
product
One-to-many
relationship
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Therefore, one
order involves
many products
and one product is
involved in many
orders


Many-to-many
relationship
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Database Management System

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DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources
A software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide
controlled access to user databases
Order Filing
System
Invoicing
System
Payroll
System
DBMS

Central database

Contains employee,
order, inventory,
pricing, and
customer data
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Advantages of the Database Approach
Program-data independence
Planned data redundancy
Improved data consistency
Improved data sharing
Increased application development productivity
Enforcement of standards
Improved data quality
Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
Reduced program maintenance
Improved decision support


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Costs and Risks of the Database
Approach
New, specialized personnel
Installation and management cost and complexity
Conversion costs
Need for explicit backup and recovery
Organizational conflict
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Figure 1-4 Enterprise data model for Figure 1-3 segments
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Figure 1-5 Components of the Database Environment
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Components of the
Database Environment
CASE Toolscomputer-aided software engineering
Repositorycentralized storehouse of metadata
Database Management System (DBMS) software for managing the
database
Databasestorehouse of the data
Application Programssoftware using the data
User Interfacetext and graphical displays to users
Data/Database Administratorspersonnel responsible for maintaining
the database
System Developerspersonnel responsible for designing databases
and software
End Userspeople who use the applications and databases
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The Range of Database Applications
Personal databases
Two Tier Databases
Multi-tier databases
Enterprise Database
Data Warehousing
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Figure 1-6
Typical data
from a
personal
database
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Figure 1-7 Workgroup database with wireless
local area network
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Enterprise Database Applications
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Integrate all enterprise functions (manufacturing, finance, sales, marketing,
inventory, accounting, human resources)
Data Warehouse
Integrated decision support system derived from various operational
databases
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Figure 1-8 An enterprise data warehouse
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Evolution of DB Systems

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