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Congestion Management In
Real Time
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Outline
Overview

Causes of Congestion

Congestion in Indian Context

Measures to Relieve Congestion

Regulatory Initiatives

International Experience

Discussion
Congestion Definition
Congestion is a situation where the demand for
transmission capacity exceeds the transmission
network capabilities, which might lead to violation of
network security limits, being thermal, voltage
stability limits or a (N-1) contingency
condition.CIGRE_WG_5.04_TB_301

Congestion means a situation where the demand for
transmission capacity exceeds the Available Transfer
Capability (ATC)..CERC regulation

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Unique Characteristics of Indian Power System
Floating Frequency Band (49.2 Hz 50.3 Hz)

Availability Based Tariff (Unscheduled Interchange)

Weak/Absent Primary Response (FGMO)
Continuous Fluctuation of Frequency

Absence of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) by
Design

Inadequacy : Generation & Transmission


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Causes of Congestion in Real Time
Different from congestion in STOA

Deviation from planned activities

Large interconnected grid
Fast growing network
Coupling between voltage and frequency accentuates the
problem in a large grid
Skewed scenarios

Weather diversity, seasonal demand variation

Interplay with UI mechanism
Load- Generation Imbalance
Tie line outage
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Area A
Area B
Area A importing
from Area B
Scenarios
4D
3D 1S
2D 2S
1D 3S (Congestion)
4S
Skewed Load-Generation Balance
SR
ER+N
ER
WR
NR
D=> Deficit Region S=> Surplus Region
Seasonal Variation in Power Flow Patterns
NR
WR
ER
NER
SR
Bhutan
Scenario-1: Normal Monsoon
NR
WR
ER
NER
SR
Bhutan
Scenario-2: Low Load in NR
NR
WR
ER
NER
SR
Bhutan
Scenario-3: Low Load in WR
NR
WR
ER
NER
SR
Bhutan
Scenario-4: Peak winter
FLOWGATES
NR:
Central UP-Western UP
UP-Haryana/Punjab
WR:
Chandrapur-Padghe
Chandrapur-Parli
Bina-Gwalior
Soja-Zerda
SR:
Vijayawada-Nellore
Hossur-Selam
Gutty-Neelamangala
Gutty-Huddy
ER:
Farakka-Malda
Malda-Purnea
Talcher-Rourkela
Jamshedpur-Rourkela
Farakka-Kahalgaon
Kolaghat-Baripada-Rengali
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Measures to Relieve Congestion in Real Time
Hydro Rescheduling
HVDC set points
Topology Change
Instructions/ Messages
Commercial Mechanisms
Congestion Charge
Ancillary Services
Counter Trade
Curtailment

Relevant IEGC clauses (1)
Clause 5.4.2
(a) As mentioned elsewhere, the constituents shall endeavour to
restrict their net drawal from the grid to within their respective
drawal schedules whenever the system frequency is below 49.5
Hz. When the frequency falls below 49.2 Hz, requisite load
shedding (manual) shall be carried out in the concerned State to
curtail the over-drawal.
(b) Further, in case of certain contingencies and/or threat to
system security, the RLDC may direct an SLDC to decrease its
drawal by a certain quantum. Such directions shall immediately be
acted upon.
(c) Each Regional constituent shall make arrangements that will
enable manual demand disconnection to take place, as instructed
by the RLDC/SLDC, under normal and/or contingent conditions.
(d) The measures taken to reduce the constituents drawal from
the grid shall not be withdrawn as long as the frequency/voltage
remains at a low level, unless specifically permitted by the RLDC.
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Relevant IEGC clauses (2)
Clause 6.4.12
However, notwithstanding the above, the RLDC may direct
the SLDCs/ISGS/other regional entities to increase/decrease
their drawal/generation in case of contingencies e.g.
overloading of lines/transformers, abnormal voltages, threat
to system security. Such directions shall immediately be
acted upon. In case the situation does not call for very urgent
action, and RLDC has some time for analysis, it shall be
checked whether the situation has arisen due to deviations
from schedules, or due to any power flows pursuant to short-
term open access. These shall be got terminated first, in the
above sequence, before an action, which would affect the
scheduled supplies from ISGS to the long term customers is
initiated..
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Relevant IEGC clauses (3)
Clause 6.5.18
In the event of bottleneck in evacuation of power due to any
constraint, outage, failure or limitation in the transmission
system, associated switchyard and substations owned by the
Central Transmission Utility or any other transmission
licensee involved in inter-state transmission (as certified by
the RLDC) necessitating reduction in generation, the RLDC
shall revise the schedules which shall become effective from
the 4th time block, counting the time block in which the
bottleneck in evacuation of power has taken place to be the
first one. Also , during the first, second and third time blocks
of such an event, the scheduled generation of the ISGS shall
be deemed to have been revised to be equal to actual
generation, and the scheduled drawals of the beneficiaries
shall be deemed to have been revised to be equal to their
actual drawals.
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CERC(Measures to relieve congestion in real time
operation) Regulations, 2009
NLDC to assess TTC, ATC and TRM of inter-regional
corridors in consultation with RLDCs
RLDCs to assess TTC, ATC and TRM of regional
control areas
Availability in public domain
Provision of revision
Charge both payable and receivable
Warning notice and application of congestion charge
Withdrawal of congestion charge
Congestion charge account

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Rate of Congestion Charge Order
Rate of Congestion Charge Rs 5.45/kWh
Rate higher than the difference between maximum UI
charge and UI charge at 50 Hz
Application of congestion charge
Below 50 Hz downstream overdrawing entities
Above 50 Hz upstream underdrawing entities
Congestion caused by forced outage of a line in a
corridor (after finalisation of drawl scheduled)
No congestion charge shall be levied
Provided the power flow on the corridor is as per the
schedule
Such contingencies to be tackled through emergency
instructions by concerned SLDCs/RLDCs/NLDCs

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Real Time Congestion Management
Procedure


Prepared in compliance to Section 4(2) of
The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
(Measures to relieve congestion in real time operation)
Regulations, 2009
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Transfer Capability Assessment
Total Transfer Capability
Simulation Studies for Assessment
Network Modeling
Input data for Basecase Preparation
Operating and Emergency Limits
Limiting Conditions
Basecase Violations
(N-1) contingency Violations
Transmission Reliability Margin (TRM)
Available Transfer Capability
Import and Export Capability
Declaration of Congestion
Congestion in Real Time
Voltage violations
ATC violation in a corridor
High loading of transmission elements
ATC violation for 2 time blocks warning notice by
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Curtailment of open access transactions
Revision of Transfer Capability
Application of Congestion Charge
Congestion persists after issuance of warning notice
No affirmative action by defaulting agency foreseen
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Applicability of Congestion Charge
Applied simultaneously upstream and downstream

Applicable after 2 time blocks from notice

Remain in force for atleast 8 time blocks

Maximum upto 4 times a day
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Thank you !!