Sanjay Vinayak H.K.

Roll No : 45
1st Sem F section
Computer Science Engineering

INTRODUCTION TO HYBRID POWER
SYSTEMS


Hybrid power systems are designed for the
generation of electrical power. They are
generally independent of large centralized
electric grids and are used in remote areas.

Hybrid systems by definition contain a number
of power generation devices such as wind
turbines, photovoltaic, micro-hydro and/or
fossil fuel generators connected to a power
grid
WIND POWER SYSTEMS
Wind power systems are power systems used to convert mechanical energy
of wind to electrical energy. They consist of wind turbines connected to a
power grid using transformers as shown


Diagram of a Wind Diesel Hybrid
power system
PRINCIPLE OF WORKING OF A
GENERATOR
Principle: An generator works on the principle of Faradays law of
Electromagnetic Induction . It is stated as follows:
The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to
the negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic flux
through the circuit.

STRUCTURE OF A WIND TURBINE
1. FOUNDATION

2. TOWER

3. NACELLE WITH DRIVE TRAIN

4. ROTOR BLADES

5. ROTOR

6. ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

NEED FOR PROTECTION SYSTEMS
The modern society has come to depend heavily upon continuous and reliable
availability of electricity and a high quality of electricity too.
Computer and telecommunication networks, railway networks, banking and post
office networks etc. cannot function without electricity.
No power system can be designed to never fail, in other words faults are always
present in a power system. Protection systems are designed to prevent faults and
mitigate the consequences of the faults.
TO PREVENT THIS FROM HAPPENING
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

Power system protection is a branch of electrical power engineering that
deals with the protection of electrical power systems from faults through the
isolation of faulted parts from the rest of the electrical network.
The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the power system stable by
isolating only the components that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of
the network as possible still in operation

Some essential qualities of protection are:
Reliability
Selectivity
Fastness
Discrimination


TRANSMISSION PROTECTION

Shunt Faults or Short Circuits- The path of the load current is cut short
because of breakdown of insulation. There are two types of shunt faults
namely:
a) Phase Faults-Faults involving two or more phase conductors, with or
without ground
b) Ground Faults- Involve only one of the phase of conductors and
ground
TYPES OF FAULTS:
An electric arc, or arc discharge, is an
electrical breakdown of a gas that
produces an on going plasma discharge,
resulting from a current through
normally nonconductive media such as
air.

ARCING TAKING PLACE IN A
TRANSFORMER
Series Faults- Series faults are nothing but a break in the path of current.

Some examples of abnormal operating conditions are starting currents
of motors, inrush currents of transformers and stable power swings.

The resistance of an arc according to the Warrington model is given by

PROTECTION COMPONENTS
FUSE
The fuse allows the normal current to flow but melts itself out, thus
breaking the circuit, when the current exceeds a certain magnitude for a
certain amount of time.
It combines the functions of sensing, comparing, and interrupting the
current into one.
It steps down the current to such levels that it can be easily handled by
the relay current coil.
It isolates the relay circuitry from the high voltage of the EHV system.
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
VOLTAGE OR POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
The voltage transformer steps down the high voltage of the line to a level safe
enough for the relaying system (pressure coil of relay) and personnel to handle.
A PT primary is connected in parallel at the point where a measurement is
desired.
RELAYS
Relay is a protective device which senses the
faulty conditions in a power system line and
initiates the operation of circuit breaker to
isolate the faulty part from the rest of the
healthy power system

Relays are used where it is necessary to control
a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete
electrical isolation between control and
controlled circuits), or where several circuits
must be controlled by one signal.
MICROPROCESSOR RELAY
CLASSIFICATION
THERMAL RELAYS
OVERCURRENT RELAYS
Thermal relays, of the bimetallic type, work
on the principle of strain generated due to
unequal linear expansion of two
different metals as a result of heat
generated by the passage of the fault
current. The change in length of a metal on
heating is given by L=L
0
T



An "overcurrent relay" is a type of
protective relay which operates when the
load current exceeds a preset value. The
plug setting multiplier is given by
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
A circuit breaker is a manually or automatically operated electrical switch
designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or
short circuit.
Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow
Some Types of circuit breakers
Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers
High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Sulphur Hexafluoride Circuit Breakers
Magnetic Circuit Breakers
Thermal Magnetic Circuit Breakers
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Mechanical Protections
Failure of Prime-mover
Failure of Field
Over-current
Over-speed
Over-voltage

Electrical Protections
Unbalanced Loading
Stator Winding Faults

PROTECTION AGAINST UNBALANCED
LOADING
Unbalanced loading arises from fault to earth or faults between phases
on the circuits external to the alternator.

Unbalanced current may burn the mechanical fixing of the rotor core or
damage the field winding.
STATOR WINDING FAULTS
Fault between phase and ground

Fault between phases

Inter-turn faults involving turns of same phase winding
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Fault between phase and ground

Fault between phases. Inter-turn faults involving turns of same phase
winding
INTER TURN FAULT PROTECTION
When a short circuit develops between adjacent turns in one of the armature
windings, unbalanced current flows in two winding.
This unbalanced current flows through the relay to operate the circuit
breaker
CONCLUSION
A protection scheme in a power system is designed to continuously monitor
the power system to ensure maximum continuity of electrical supply with
minimum damage to life, equipment, and property. CTs and PTs are the 'eyes'
and the 'ears' of the protection system while the protective relays and the
circuit breakers are the 'brain' and the 'brawn' of the system.
Each of these components is important in its own right. All of them have to
work in tandem with each other to mitigate the effects of faults. Failure of any
one of these components is treated as failure of the protective system. The job
of the protection engineer is to devise such schemes where closest possible
match between the fault characteristics and the tripping characteristics is
obtained. The design has to ensure that relays will detect undesirable
conditions and then trip to disconnect the area affected, but remain restrained
at all other times.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fundamentals of Power System Protection by
Y.G. Paithankar and S.R.Bhide
Power System Protection and Switchgear by Badri Ram
Wikipedia
Schweitzer Engineering Lab Research papers
Google Image Search
http://www.ceere.org
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu