Reaksi Dalam Larutan Berair

Chapter 5 1
Reaksi Dalam Larutan

Berair
Chapter 5 2

Beberapa senyawa ketika dilarutkan dalam air dapat
menghantarkan arus listrik larutan elektrolit

Namun ada juga senyawa yang ketika dilarutkan dalam
air tidak menghantarkan arus listrik

Senyawa di dalam Air
a. Nonelectrolyte
b. Weak electrolyte
c. Strong electrolyte
Chapter 5 3
Ionic Compounds in Water (Electrolytes)

The conductivity of the solution is due to the formation
of ions when the compound dissolves in water

These ions are not the result of a chemical reaction, they
are the result of a dissociation of the molecule into ions
that compose the solid.
) ( ) ( ) (
2
aq Cl aq Na s NaCl
O H +
+
Compounds in Aqueous Solution
Chapter 5 4
Ionic Compounds in Water
Chapter 5 5
Molecular Compounds in Water(Nonelectrolytes)

In this case no ions are formed, the molecules just
disperse throughout the solvent.

) ( ) (
2
aq sugar s sugar
O H

Chapter 5 6
Strong and Weak Electrolytes
Strong electrolytes A substance which completely
ionizes in water.

For example:

+
+ + Cl O H O H HCl
3 2
Chapter 5 7

Weak electrolyte: A substance which partially ionizes
when dissolved in water.

For example:

+
+ + O H CO CH O H H CO CH
3 2 3 2 2 3
Chapter 5 8
+
+ + O H CO CH O H H CO CH
3 2 3 2 2 3
Notice that the arrow in this reaction has two heads,
this indicates that two opposing reactions are
occurring simultaneously.
Chapter 5 9
O H H CO CH O H CO CH
and
O H CO CH O H H CO CH
2 2 3 3 2 3
3 2 3 2 2 3
+ +
+ +
+

Since both reactions occur at the same time, this is
called a chemical equilibrium.
Chapter 5 10
Chapter 5 11
Chapter 5 12
Precipitation Reaction
Chapter 5 13
- A reaction which forms a solid (precipitate)

AgNO
3
(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO
3
(aq)

- AgCl is classified as an insoluble substance

Chapter 5 14
Net Ionic Equation

AgNO
3
(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO
3
(aq)

- AgNO
3
and NaNO
3
are electrolytes in solution so they
actually occur as free ions.

Ag
+
(aq) + NO
3
-
(aq) + Na
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq)
AgCl(s) + Na
+
(aq) + NO
3
-
(aq)

Chapter 5 15
Net Ionic Equation

Ag
+
(aq) + NO
3
-
(aq) + Na
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq)
AgCl(s) + Na
+
(aq) + NO
3
-
(aq)

- Notice that NO
3
-
(aq) and Na
+
(aq) occur in both the left
and right side of the equation.
-These are called spectator ions.

Chapter 5 16
Net Ionic Equation

Ag
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq) AgCl(s)

- With the spectator ions removed, the resulting
equation shows only the ions involved in the reaction
remain.
- This is a net ionic equation.

Chapter 5 17
Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds
Chapter 5 18
1. Predict the solubility of the following compounds:

PbSO
4

AgCH
3
CO
2

(NH
4
)
3
PO
4

KClO
4
Chapter 5 19
Predict the solubility of the following compounds:

PbSO
4
Insoluble

AgCH
3
CO
2

(NH
4
)
3
PO
4

KClO
4

Chapter 5 20

PbSO
4
Insoluble

AgCH
3
CO
2
Soluble

(NH
4
)
3
PO
4

KClO
4

Chapter 5 21

PbSO
4
Insoluble

AgCH
3
CO
2
Soluble

(NH
4
)
3
PO
4
Soluble

KClO
4

Chapter 5 22
1. Predict the solubility of the following compounds:

PbSO
4
Insoluble

AgCH
3
CO
2
Soluble

(NH
4
)
3
PO
4
Soluble

KClO
4
Soluble

2. Predict the precipitate produced by mixing an Al(NO
3
)
3
solution
with NaOH solution. Write the net ionic equation for the reaction.
Chapter 5 23
An undesireable precipitation reaction
Explain the precipitation
reaction mechanism and
how to remove scale and
explain the reaction
mechanism to remove
scale
Chapter 5 24
Chapter 5 25
Acids and Bases
Chapter 5 26
Acid - substance which ionizes to form hydrogen cations
(H
+
) in solution

Examples:
Hydrochloric Acid HCl
Nitric Acid HNO
3

Acetic Acid CH
3
CO
2
H
Sulfuric Acid H
2
SO
4
Sulfuric acid can provide two H
+
s - Diprotic acid,
The other acids can provide only one H
+

- Monoprotic acid.

Acids and Bases
Chapter 5 27
Diprotic acid

H
2
SO
4
H
+
+ HSO
4
-

HSO
4
-

H
+
+ SO
4
2-
Acids and Bases
H
2
SO
4
merupakan asam kuat atau elektrolit kuat (tahap ionisasi
pertama berlangsung sempurna), tetapi HSO
4
-
adalah asam lemah
atau elektrolit lemah (diperlukan panah dua arah untuk
menunjukkan ionisasi tak sempurna)
Chapter 5 28
Triprotic acid

H
3
PO
4

H
+
+ H
2
PO
4
-
H
2
PO
4
-

H
+
+ HPO
4
2-

HPO
4
2-

H
+
+ PO
4
3-
Acids and Bases
Keberadaan asam triprotik relatif sedikit, sebagai contohnya adalah
asam fosfat. H
3
PO
4
, H
2
PO
4
-
, dan HPO
4
2-
merupakan asam lemah
(dibutuhkan panah dua arah untuk menunjukkan tahap-tahap
ionisasi)
Chapter 5 29
Base - substance which ionizes to form OH
-
ions in
solution
substance which reacts with H
+
ions.

Examples:
ammonia NH
3

sodium hydroxide NaOH

Acids and Bases
Chapter 5 30
Acid-Base Reaction

H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O

- It is clear that the metal hydroxides (NaOH for
example) provide OH
-
by disassociation.
- Bases like ammonia make OH
-
by reacting with water
(ionization)
NH
3
+ H
2
O
NH
4
+
+ OH
-

Acids and Bases
Chapter 5 31
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases

Strong acids and bases are strong electrolytes.

Weak acids and bases are weak electrolytes.
Acids and Bases
Chapter 5 32
Strong Acids

- The strength of acids and bases are concerned with
the ionization (or dissociation) of the substance, not its
chemical reactivity.

Example:
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a weak acid, but it is very
chemically reactive.
- this substance cant be stored in glass bottles
because it reacts with glass (silicon dioxide).
Acids and Bases
Chapter 5 33
Common Strong Acids and Bases

Common Strong Acids
Hydrochloric Acid HCl
Hydrobromic Acid HBr
Hydroiodic acid HI
Nitric Acid HNO
3
Perchloric Acid HClO
4
Sulfuric Acid H
2
SO
4
Acids and Bases
Chapter 5 34
Common Strong Acids and Bases

Common Strong Bases
Lithium Hydroxide LiOH
Sodium Hydroxide NaOH
Potassium Hydroxide KOH

Acids and Bases
Chapter 5 35
Neutralization Reaction
- Reaction between an acid and a base.

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) H
2
O(l) + NaCl(aq)

The neutralization between acid and metal hydroxide
produces water and a salt

Salt an ionic compound whose cation comes from a
base and anion from an acid.

Acids, Bases, and Salts
Chapter 5 36

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) H
2
O(l) + NaCl(aq)

- despite the appearance of the equation, the reaction
actually takes place between the ions.

Total Ionic Equation
H
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq) + Na
+
(aq) + OH
-
(aq)
H
2
O(l) + Na
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq)

Chapter 5 37

Total Ionic Equation
H
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq) + Na
+
(aq) + OH
-
(aq)
H
2
O(l) + Na
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq)

Net Ionic Equation
H
+
(aq) + OH
-
(aq) H
2
O(l)
Chapter 5 38
Metal Carbonates and Acid
Gas-Forming Reactions
2 HCl(aq) + Na
2
CO
3
(aq) 2 NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l) +
CO
2
(g)

- Metal carbonates (or bicarbonates) always form a salt,
water and carbon dioxide
Chapter 5 39
Metal Sulfide and Acid
2 HCl(aq) + Na
2
S(s) H
2
S(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)

- Metal sulfides form a salt and hydrogen sulfide.
Chapter 5 40
Metal Sulfite and Acid
2 HCl(aq) + Na
2
SO
3
(s) SO
2
(g) + 2 NaCl(aq) +
H
2
O(l)

- Metal sulfites form a salt, sulfur dioxide and water.
Chapter 5 41
Ammonium Salt and Strong Base
NH
4
Cl(s) + NaOH(aq) NH
3
(g) + NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)

- This reaction forms ammonia, salt and water
Chapter 5 42
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- Reaction where electrons are exchanged.
2 Na(s) + 2 H
2
O(l) 2 NaOH(aq) + H
2
(g)

Na(s) Na
+
(aq) + 1 e
-

oxidation loss of electrons

2 H
+
(g) + 2 e
-
H
2
(g)
reduction gain of electrons

Chapter 5 43
- Reaction where electrons are exchanged.
2 Na(s) + 2 H
2
O(l) 2 NaOH(aq) + H
2
(g)

- An alternate approach is to describe how one reagent
effects another.
- Reducing Agent, a substance that causes another substance
to be reduced.
Na(s) Na
+
(aq) + 1 e
-

- Oxidizing Agent, a substance that causes another substnace
to be oxidized.
2 H
+
(g) + 2 e
-
H
2
(g)

Chapter 5 44
Oxidation Numbers
1. Each atom of a pure element has an oxidation number of
zero(0).
2. For monatomic ions, the oxidation number equals the charge
on the ion.
3. Fluorine always has an oxidation state of -1 in compounds.
4. Cl, Br, and I always have oxidation numbers of -1, except when
combined with oxygen or fluorine.
5. The oxidation number of H is +1 (exception in binary
compounds of metal-hidrogen, LiH, NaH, CaH
2
-1) and O is
-2 in most compounds (exception in H
2
O
2
and O
2
2-
-1).
6. The sum of the oxidation numbers must equal the charge on
the molecule or ion.
Chapter 5 45
Oxidation Numbers

Examples

PCl
5

P 1( ) =
Cl 5( ) = ________
0

Chapter 5 46
Oxidation Numbers

Example

PCl
5

P 1( ? ) = ?
Cl 5(-1) = __-5____
0

Chapter 5 47
Oxidation Numbers

Example

PCl
5

P 1(+5) = +5
Cl 5(-1) = __-5____
0

Chapter 5 48
Oxidation Numbers

Example

CO
3
2-

C 1( ) =
O 3( ) = _____
-2

Chapter 5 49
Oxidation Numbers

Example

CO
3
2-

C 1(?) = ?
O 3(-2) = __-6__
-2

Chapter 5 50
Oxidation Numbers

Example

CO
3
2-

C 1(+4) = +4
O 3(-2) = __-6__
-2

Chapter 5 51
Oxidation Numbers

Example

K
2
CrO
4
K 2( ) =
O 4( ) =
Cr 1( ) = ________
0

Chapter 5 52
Oxidation Numbers

Example

K
2
CrO
4
K 2(+1) = +2
O 4(-2) = -8
Cr 1( ? ) = ___?____
0

Chapter 5 53
Oxidation Numbers

Example

K
2
CrO
4
K 2(+1) = +2
O 4(-2) = -8
Cr 1(+6) = ___+6__
0

Chapter 5 54
Oxidation-Reduction Reaction Types
Chapter 5 55
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Types
Chapter 5 56
a. Hydrogen displacement
b. Metal displacement
c. Halogen displacement
Chapter 5 57
Chapter 5 58
Chapter 5 59
Chapter 5 60
Reaksi dalam Larutan Berair
AgNO3
NaCl
Reaksi dalam larutan
AgNO
3(aq)
+ NaCl
(aq)
AgCl
(aq)
+ NaNO
3

(s)

(mengendap)
Solvent/zat pelarut: komponen yang keadaan
fisiknya tidak berubah selama larutan
dibentuk
Solute/zat terlarut: komponen lain yang
dilarutkan dalam solvent
Konsentrasi molar: banyaknya mol tiap satuan
volume dari larutan
Terminologi yg digunakan dlm larutan

Contoh:
Ingin dibuat larutan NaCl dengan konsentrasi 1M dalam
1L larutan. Berapa gram NaCl (murni) yang diperlukan
untuk membuat larutan ini?
Konsentrasi larutan (Molaritas)
solution of Liters
solute of Moles
Molarity=
Chapter 5 65
Membuat Larutan
Chapter 5 66
Example: What is the molarity(M) of a solution which
contains 17.51g of NaCl in 751mL of solution?

F.W. (NaCl): 58.45g/mol

mol g
g
NaCl moles
/ 45 . 58
51 . 17
=
Solutions
Chapter 5 67
contains 17.51 g of NaCl in 751mL of solution?


mol
mol g
g
NaCl moles 2996 . 0
/ 45 . 58
51 . 17
= =
Solutions
Chapter 5 68


Solution volume

mol
mol g
g
NaCl moles 2996 . 0
/ 45 . 58
51 . 17
= =
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
mL
L
mL solution of Liters
1000
1
751
Solutions
Chapter 5 69


Solution volume

mol
mol g
g
NaCl moles 2996 . 0
/ 45 . 58
51 . 17
= =
L
mL
L
mL solution of Liters 751 . 0
1000
1
751 =
|
.
|
\
|
=
Solutions
Chapter 5 70
solution of Liters
solute of Moles
Molarity =
Solutions
Chapter 5 71

L
mol
molarity
751 . 0
2996 . 0
=
Solutions
Chapter 5 72

M
L
mol
molarity
399 . 0
751 . 0
2996 . 0
=
=
Solutions
Solutions
Chapter 5 73
Molaritas dari densitas dan persen berat
Jika suatu senyawa A yang terlarut membentuk suatu
larutan yang memiliki kerapatan a g/l

dengan persen
berat larutan w%. Maka konsentrasi dapat dinyatakan
sebagai:

C
A
=
A
%w/ MR

Di mana:
C
A
: konsentrasi A dalam suatu larutan tiap
satuan volume (misal mol/liter) atau M
A
: kerapatan atau massa jenis zat A (misal g/l)
MR : berat molekul zat A
%w : persen berat larutan

Chapter 5 77
Dilution

Solutions
Chapter 5 78
Dilution

Example: What volume of 6.00M NaOH is required to
make 500mL of 0.100M NaOH?

M
concentrated
= 6.00M M
dilute
= 0.100M
V
concentrated
= ? V
dilute
= 500mL

0.100M(500mL) = 6.00M(V
concentrated
)

V
concentrated
= 8.33mL
Solutions
Chapter 5 79
Chapter 5 80
pH Scale
Concentration scale for acids and bases.
] log[
+
= H pH
The square brackets around the H+ indicate that
the concentration of H+ is in molarity.
So, a change of 1 pH unit indicates a 10X change in
H
+
concentration.
pH
H
+
=10 ] [
Chapter 5 81
Solution Stoichiometry
- We can now use molarity to determine stoichiometric
quantities.

Example
How many grams of hydrogen gas are produced when
20.0 mL of 1.75M HCl is allowed to react with 15.0g of
sodium metal?

2 HCl(aq) + 2 Na(s) H
2
(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)
Chapter 5 82
2
(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)

- Convert quantities to moles

( )
= =
= =
mol g
g
moles
L M moles
Na
HCl
/ 0 . 23
0 . 15
0200 . 0 75 . 1
Chapter 5 83
2
(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)


( )
mol
mol g
g
moles
mol L M moles
Na
HCl
652 . 0
/ 0 . 23
0 . 15
0350 . 0 0200 . 0 75 . 1
= =
= =
Chapter 5 84
2
(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)


- Determine limiting reagent

( )
mol
mol g
g
moles
mol L M moles
Na
HCl
652 . 0
/ 0 . 23
0 . 15
0350 . 0 0200 . 0 75 . 1
= =
= =
=
=
2
652 . 0
2
0350 . 0
Na
HCl
Chapter 5 85
2
(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)


- Determine limiting reagent

( )
mol
mol g
g
moles
mol L M moles
Na
HCl
652 . 0
/ 0 . 23
0 . 15
0350 . 0 0200 . 0 75 . 1
= =
= =
326 . 0
2
652 . 0
0175 . 0
2
0350 . 0
=
=
Na
HCl
Chapter 5 86
2
(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)

- Calculate moles of H
2

mol
x
HCl
H
0350 . 0 2
1
2
=
Chapter 5 87
2
(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)

2

2
2
0175 . 0
0350 . 0 2
1
H mol x
mol
x
HCl
H
=
=
Chapter 5 88
2
(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)

2

- Calculate grams of H
2

2
2
0175 . 0
0350 . 0 2
1
H mol x
mol
x
HCl
H
=
=
( )= = mol g mol H g / 02 . 2 0175 . 0
2
Chapter 5 89
2
(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)

2

- Calculate grams of H
2

2
2
0175 . 0
0350 . 0 2
1
H mol x
mol
x
HCl
H
=
=
( ) g mol g mol H g 0353 . 0 / 02 . 2 0175 . 0
2
= =
Chapter 5 90
Gravimetric Analysis
Chapter 5 91
Gravimetric Analysis
Chapter 5 92
Acid Base Titrations
Chapter 5 93
Chapter 5 94
Chapter 5 95
4,10, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36, 38, 44, 60, 62, 68
Practice Problems

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Chapter 5 1

Reaksi Dalam Larutan

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

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