Vaporization theory

Tomas Kovacs 021027

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Vaporizors
Boiler
Reboiler
Steam generator
Ref. Evaporator
Evaporator
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Pool boiling at heated wire
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Pool Boiling
AB Natural Convection
BC Subcool Boiling
CD Saturated Nucleate Boiling
DE Partial Film Boiling
EF Stable Film Boiling
FG Film Boiling with Radiation


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Pool boiling reboilers
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Film boiling !
Could occur in S&T at high T
Could occur in SHE at high T
Has never been seen in PHE or CP
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Convective
boiling
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Vaporizing profile


1

2

3

4

5

K

471

437

437

437

437

1

14186

14350

14282

13597

12971

2

494

458

458

459

459

wall/

28371

31570

28564

28427

31130

A

1.00

0.63

0.63

0.64

0.64

6

7

8

9

10

11

5126

5378

4557

4132

2950

2622

12586

12140

11655

11129

10634

10064

12248

14376

10031

8443

4742

4028

29435

29415

29455

29677

29400

29594

0.05

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.07

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Two-phase boiling heat transfer
correlations

tot
=
sp
+
nb
+
con



tot
overall heat transfer coefficient

sp
single phase heat transfer coefficient

nb
nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient

con
two-phase convective heat transfer coefficient


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Convective versus nucleate
Plate 70-80% convective 15-20% nucleate
RF S&T 50-60% convective 30-40% nucleate
FF S&T 100% convective
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Two-phase pressure drop calculations
Homogeneous model
Equal vapor and liquid velocities

Ordinary model
Different velocities for the vapor and liquid phases


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Pressure Drop
Frictional
Gravitational (Static head)
Accelerational
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Boiling point elevation (BPE)
or
Boiling point rise (BPR)
BPR = BP for solution - BP for solvent

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What is a Reboiler?
A vaporiser at the bottom of a distillation
column, stripping column or reactor. Its main
purpose to supply heat (vapour) to the column.
Normally heated by steam.

A reboiler is normally controlled by a control
valve on the steam inlet. However AL prefers
liquid level control on Compabloc reboilers
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S&T Reboilers
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Compabloc reboiler
Vapour/liquid mix
Liquid
Steam
Condensate
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Compabloc used as
thermosiphone
reboiler
Condenser
Reboiler
D
i
s
t
i
l
l
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
l
u
m
n

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AlfaVap reboiler
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What is Evaporation?
Removal of a solvent by heating a diluted solution
in order to increase concentration of dissolved
matter
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Applications
Sugar, starch, glucose, fructose, dextrose, sorbitol
NaOH in Chlorine-Alkali, Alumina, textile, pharma
CaCl2 in Soda Ash, HCl neutralization
Soap
Polyols e.g. Ethylene glycol, Propanediol, Glycerine
Waste streams in all industries
Steam generators in all industries
Other inorganic e.g. KOH, MgCl2, FeCl3, NH4SO4, NH4Cl, pigments,
electrolyte baths, spent acids
Other organic e.g. Protein, caprolactam...

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The AlfaVap
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Heat transfer comparison
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Roberts
AlfaVap
Falling film
K

[
W
/
(
m
2
K
)
]

Weight % sugar
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Operating modes for AlfaVap
Once through Thermosiphon
Forced circulation
with boiling
Forced circulation
with flashing
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MVR
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TVR
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Multi Effect Evaporation (MEE)
1
Feed
T
S
P
S
V
0
V
0
2
V
N
V
N-1
V
1
V1
3
V
2
N
V
2
V
3
T
1
P
1
T
2
P
2
T
3
P
3
T
N
P
N
T
1
+b
1
T
2
+b
2
T
3
+b
3
T
N
+b
N
Fresh
steam
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Optimum effects?
Energy cost
Investment cost
Total cost
Cost
Number of effects
Optimum
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Co-current product flow
1
J
1, in
V
1, in
2
J
N, o
V
N, o
3 N
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Counter-current product flow
1
J
N, in
V
1, in
2
J
1, o
V
N, o
3 N
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Mixed product flow
1
J
3, in
V
1, in
2
J
2, o
V
N, o
3 N
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Controlling an evaporation system
Steam pressure
Condenser pressure
Sucking in air before vacuum pump
Vacuum pump frequency control
Cooling water flowrate control
Feed flowrate
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If no inerts specified - add 0.5% air to simulate vent control
Cyclone
Separator
Cooling water
at full flow
Condenser
PI
Vacuum
pump
LC
Air from
atmosphere
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Considerations for Evap.
Solution
Physical Properties
BPEs
Temperature sensitivity
Fouling & Scaling
Corrosion on plate and gasket
As much info as possible on existing S&T