STANDARDS FOR SYSTEM

COMMUNICATION
CAD-CAM
UNIT VI
NETWORK
COMMUNICATIONS
Communication is essential in an integrated
environment in order to maintain a high level of
coordination and efficiency of operation.
NETWORK
COMMUNICATIONS
A communication network is the backbone of
enterprise integration. Networks help to unify a
company by linking together all the computerized
devices regardless of their physical location.

Through networks we can integrate the whole
enterprise, including suppliers and customers.
EXAMPLE OF INTEGRATION OF
NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS
Sales and marketing can send customer requirements for
new products to design engineering.

A computer-aided design (CAD) generated bill of materials
can then be transferred to material requirements planning
(MRP) systems.

Product design information can be transmitted to
manufacturing for use in process planning.

Operators can directly access these process plans as well as
machine operation and inspection instructions sheets.
NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS
In order for a complete integration of network
communication to occur, ready access to information (data)
is needed across the company.

This facilitates rapid interdepartamental responses to
changes in design and production schedules that meet the
customers needs.
COMMUNICATION NETWORK
A communication network is a collection of equipment and
physical media that interconnects two or more computers.

Networks are generally classified into three categories
based on the geographic area covered:

Local Area Networks

Metropolitan Area Networks

Wide Area Networks

LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
L.A.N. or Local Area Network is a hardware-and-
software system in which logically related groups
of machines and equipment communicate with
each other.
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
A local area
network links these
groups to each
other, bringing
different phases of
manufacturing into
a unified operation.
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
A local area network can be very large and
complex.

Various network layouts of fiber optics or copper
cables are used over distances ranging from a few
meters to as much as 32 km.

Wireless communication has come to offer a
great advantage over these technologies,
although it has not been able to replace them at
all.

LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
Different types of
topology for a LAN
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
Different types of networks can be linked or
integrated through gateways and bridges.

Access control to the network is important;
otherwise, collisions can occur when several
workstations are transmitting simultaneously.
WIDE AREA NETWORKS
There is another type of network used for larger
distances. This is called Wide Area Network.
WIDE AREA NETWORKS
WANs use common carrier facilities over long
distances with speeds in the range of 1.5 Mbps
and are used to connect sites and equipment
located long distances apart.
METROPOLITAN AREA
NETWORKS
MANs are essentially large LANs that cover a
large city or a suburb. They are used to
interconnect LANs within a metropolitan area.
COMMUNICATION
STANDARDS
Typically, one manufacturing cell is built with
machines and equipment purchased from one
vendor, another cell with machines purchased
from another vendor, and a third purchased from
yet another vendor.
COMMUNICATION
STANDARDS
As a result of this, a variety of programmable
devices are involved and are driven by several
computers and microprocessors purchased at
different times from different vendors, with
different capacities and levels of sophistication.
COMMUNICATION
STANDARDS
These kind of situations created what has being
called islands of automation.

In some cases, up to 50% of the cost of
automation is related to overcoming difficulties in
the communications between these individual
cells and the rest of the organization.
COMMUNICATION
STANDARDS
The existence of automated cells that could
function independently from each other led to the
need for a communication standard.

These standards improve communications and
the efficiency of CIM.
COMMUNICATION
STANDARDS
Protocols in network architecture define the set
of rules of information exchange between two
devices.

A protocol specifies the message format and the
rules for interpreting and reacting to messages.
COMMUNICATION
STANDARDS
Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) was
developed as a set of communication standards
after considerable effort and on the basis of
existing national and international standards.
COMMUNICATION
STANDARDS
MAP was developed by General Motors to meet
its manufacturing integration needs.

To implement a CIM system, it is necessary to
have communication between factory devices
such as NC machines, robots, cell controllers and
area controllers.
COMMUNICATION
STANDARDS
Communication protocols have been extended to
office automation as well with the development of
technical and office protocol (TOP), which is
based on the ISO/OSI reference model.
COMMUNICATION
STANDARDS
In this way, total communication (MAP/TOP) is
established among the factory floor and offices at
all levels of an organization.

A common practice is the use of Internet tools
(hardware, software, and protocols) within a
company to link all departments and functions
into a self-contained and fully compatible
Intranet.
COMMUNICATION
STANDARDS
The International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) / Open System
Interconnection (OSI) reference model is
accepted worldwide.

The ISO/OSI model has a hierarchical structure,
in which communication between two users is
divided into seven layers, with a special task each
one.
ISO / OSI
End system
User A
End system
User B
Intermediate
System
Data
Network
COMMUNICATION
STANDARDS
The tasks are the following:

Mechanical and electronic means of data
transmission.
Error detection and correction.
Correct transmission of the message.
Control of the dialogue between users.
Translation of the message into a common syntax.
Verification that the data transferred has been
understood.
COMMUNICATION
STANDARDS
The OSI reference model
proposed by the ISO provides
framework for modeling
communication protocols.

This permits interoperability
between dissimilar systems.