Last Lecture

Power Handling Capacity of EHV Lines

Advantages of EHV Transmission
Issues with EHV Transmission
Course Syllabus
References

Power Handling Capacity and Line Loss
From consideration of stability, d is limited to about 30, and for
a preliminary estimate of P, we will take Es = Er = E.
and the total power loss in the 3-phases will amount to
Therefore, the percentage power loss is
Power Handling Capacity and Line Loss
Ref: R. D. Begamudre, Extra High Voltage AC Transmission Engineering, Fourth Edition, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi, 2011.
Advantages of EHV AC Transmission
ADVANTAGES:
Reduction in the losses and increase in Transmission Efficiency.
Reduction in the current, reduction in volume of conductor material
required.
Decrease in voltage drop and improvement of voltage regulation.
Increased power handling capacity.
Reduced no. of circuits and the land requirement.
The total line cost per MW per km decreases considerably.
Operation is simple and equipments are simple and reliable as
compared to HVDC .
The line can be easily tapped or extended.
Control of power flow is possible with compensating devices.
Generation and distribution of power is in AC only.
Issues with Transferring Power at EHV Level
Use of bundled conductors and mechanical vibrations
High surface voltage gradient on conductors.
Corona problems: Audible Noise, Radio Interference, Corona Energy Loss,
Carrier Interference, and TV Interference.
High electrostatic field under the line.
Switching Surge Over-voltages which cause more havoc to air-gap insulation
than lightning or power frequency voltages.
Increased Short-Circuit currents and possibility of ferro-resonance conditions.
Use of gapless metal-oxide arresters replacing the conventional gap-type
Silicon Carbide arresters, for both lightning and switching-surge duty.
Increased Current Density because of increase in line loading by using series
capacitors.
Shunt reactor compensation and use of series capacitors, resulting in possible
sub-synchronous resonance conditions.
Insulation coordination based upon switching impulse levels.
Contents
EHVAC Transmission System line parameters: Calculation of transmission
line parameters, resistance, inductances and capacitances and sequence
impedances for lines with bundled conductors including ground effects
Corona: Basic phenomenon and corona formulae for conductors, power loss,
audible noise and radio interference due to corona and their measurements.
EHV Transmission Line: Introduction to basic issues involved in EHV line
design.
Reactive Power Compensation: Basic concepts of reactive power
compensation, principles of series and shunt compensation; Improvement of
system performance due to reactive power compensation.
Miscellaneous Topics in EHV Transmission System: Over voltages in EHV
systems, types, causes and system protection, EHV cables, Biological effects
of electrostatic and electromagnetic fields due to EHV transmission, EHV
substation layout, Recent developments in EHVAC transmission in India and
the world.


Books
R. D. Begamudre, Extra High Voltage AC Transmission Engineering, Fourth
Edition, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi, 2011.
Transmission Line Reference Book 345 kV and Above, Electrical Power
Research Institute (EPRI) 1982 USA.
Edited by Turan Gonen, Electrical Power Transmission System Engineering:
Analysis and Design, Second Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2009.
F. Kiessling, P. Nefzger, J. F. Nolasco, and U. Kaintzyk, Overhead Power
Lines: Planning, Design, Construction, Springer, Berlin, 2002.
N.G. Hingorani, L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS, Concepts and
Technology of Flexible AC Transmission systems, IEEE Press 2000.
Miller T. J. E., Reactive Power Control in Electric Systems, John Wiley and
Sons.
Ragaller, K. (ed.), Surges in High Voltage Networks, Plenum Press, 1980.
Kundur, P. and Balu, N.J. and Lauby, M.G., Power system stability and
control, McGraw-Hill.


Calculation of Line and Ground
Parameters
Electrical Parameters
Resistance
Inductance
Capacitance
Conductance

Conductance is due to leakage over line insulators.
Also, conductance is quite variable.
It is fortunate that the effect conductance is such a
negligible component of shunt admittance.
Types of Conductor
Copper
Aluminum:
Cheaper,
lighter,
but less conductive (requires large cross section for same resistance)
less tensile strength than copper
Types of Aluminum conductors
AAC (All Aluminum Conductor)
AAAC (All Aluminum Alloy Conductor)
ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced)
ACAR (Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced)
Expanded ACSR

ACSR Conductor
Internal steel strands increase the tensile strength
Outer aluminum strands carry the current
Stranded conductor with twisted wires for strength and
flexibility of mechanical handling.
Twisting is done in opposite direction to avoid unwinding
Resistance of the conductor
A
l
R
a

=
s s
a
A n
l
=
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
4
10 05 . 1
2
3
s
s
a
d
n
t

2
1337
s s
a
d n

=
How conductor resistance affect transmission line?
Resistance
Temperature dependence of resistance:

R
0
is the resistance at 0
0
C

0
is the temperature coefficient of the resistance of conductor
at 0
0
C
Thus, if the resistance at temperature T
1
is known, the
resistance at any other temperature T
2
can be computed
using:

) 1 (
0 0
T R R
t
o + =
) 1 (
) 1 (
1 0
2 0
1
2
T
T
R
R
t
t
+
+
=
o
o
AC Resistance:
Skin and Proximity Effect
Currents in same direction Currents in opposite direction
Skin Effect
Proximity Effect

Bundled Conductor