Mahatma Gandhi Missions

College of Engineering and Technology,

Noida
NUCLEAR BATTERY
GUIDED BY:-
Mr. S R JAMBHALE
H.O.D Mechanical Department
PRESENTED BY:-
AJEET KUMAR SINGH
TT-ME [ 1209540004 ]
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INTRODUCTION
Need for compact, reliable, light weight and self-contained power
supplies.
Chemical batteries require frequent replacements and are bulky.
Nuclear reactors offer economical and technical problems.
Fuel and Solar cells are expensive and requires sunlight respectively.
Nuclear batteries have lifespan up to decades and nearly 200 times
more efficient.
Do not rely on nuclear reaction , so no radioactive wastes.
Uses emissions from radioactive isotope to generate electricity.
Can be used in inaccessible and extreme conditions
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
First idea introduce in 1913.
First idea by Paul Broun in 1950 & was invented in 3march, 1959.
Uses strontium-90,1-gram produces 100,000times much magnetic to
electric energy.
The first cell constructed (melt wire component). Uses Ra-226.
Low efficiency. Many electron lost from semi conductor.
BATTERY MECHANISM
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Radiation comes from the nucleus of an atom.
Unstable nucleus emits a particle or energy.



Isotope Half life
C-15 2.4 sec
Ra-224 3.6 days
Ra-223 12 days
I-125 60 days
C-14 5700 years
U-235 710 000 000 years
Tantalum-180m 10^15 year
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Characteristics of ,, emission
Name mass
6.65*10^-24
9.11*10^-28
0
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Decay of Radioactive elements
Radioisotopes
Radioisotopes are artificially produced,
unstable atoms of a chemical element,
which have a different number of neutrons
in the nucleus, but the same number of
protons and the same chemical properties.
Radiations
Alpha - These are fast moving helium
atoms. They have high energy, typically in
the MeV range. They also are magnetic in
nature
Beta - These are fast moving
electrons. They typically have energies in
the range of a few hundred keV to several
MeV.
Gamma - These are photons, just like
light, except of much higher energy.

Betavoltaics Cell
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Direct Charging Mechanism
This form of nuclear-electric generator dates back to 1913.
This method makes use of kinetic energy as well as the magnetic property of
Alpha particles to generate current.
It consists of a core composed of radioactive elements.
Primary generator consists of a LC tank circuit.
LC circuit produces the oscillations required for transformer operation.
Few applications have been found in the past for the extremely low currents and
inconveniently high voltages.
Oscillator/transformer systems are employed to reduce the voltages, then
rectifiers are used to transform the AC power back to direct current.
The Moseley model guided other efforts to build experimental batteries
generating electricity from the emissions of radioactive elements.
Schematic Diagram of an LC Resonant
Circuit
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2
3
4
5
6
7
1 -- Capacitor
2 -- Inductor
3 -- Core with radioactive elements
4 -- Transformer T primary winding
5 -- Resistance
6 -- Secondary winding
7 -- Load

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1 -- Capacitor
2 -- Inductor
3 -- Core with radioactive elements
4 -- Transformer T primary winding
5 -- Secondary winding
6 -- Load

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FUEL CONSIDERATIONS
The major criterions considered in the selection of fuels
are:
(1) Avoidance of gamma in the decay chain.
(2) Half life.
(3) Particle range.
(4) Watch out for (alpha, n)reactions.

Life span- minimum of 10 years.
Reliable electricity.
Amount of energy highest.
Lighter with high energy density.
Efficient; less waste generation.
Reduces green house and associated effects.
Fuel used is the nuclear waste from nuclear fission.
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DRAWBACKS
High initial cost of production as its in the experimental stage.
Energy conversion methodologies are not much advanced.
Regional and country-specific laws regarding use and disposal
of radioactive fuels.
To gain social acceptance.
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APPLICATIONS
Space applications:
(1) spacecraft . (2) missile weapons (3) air jet. (4)drown.
Medical applications:
(1) In Cardiac pacemakers
(2) x-ray machine.
Mobile devices:
(1)laptop battery. (2) mobile. (3)radar. (4)remote monitoring system.
Nuclear powered laptop battery Xcell-N has 7000-8000 times more life.
No need for charging, battery replacing.



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Automobiles:
(1)electric car.
(2)remote robotic car.
Under-water sea probes and sea sensors:
(1) submarine. (2) water weapon.
(1) laser gun.(2) torch.




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