Hyperosmolar

Hyperglycemic Nonketotic
syndrome
KALAIVANI RAMACHANDRAN
012010090052
HHNS
Definition
Severe hyperglycemia w/
Serum glucose >600mg/dL
Plasma osmolarity > 315mOsm/kg
Bicarb > 15
Arterial pH > 7.3
Serum ketones - negative or mildly elevated
Epidemiology
HHNS occurs less often than DKA, but has a
much higher mortality.

What may be the reason for occurrence of
HHS in a Diabetic patient ?


2 are notable
Irregular medication pattern
Infection; causes the blood sugar to rise
above baseline

Others maybe: Alcoholism, Burns, Stroke, GI
bleed, Surgery, etc.
Pathophysiology
HHNS is attributed to three factors
1. Decreased insulin utilization
2. Increased gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis
3. Impaired renal excretion of glucose
End result - hyperglycemia and volume
depletion through osmotic diuresis.
Total body water losses can reach 8-12 liters
Lack of ketoacidosis in HHNS attributed to
1. Lower levels of counterregulatory hormones
2. High levels of endogenous insulin inhibiting lypolysis
3. Hyperosmolar state inhibiting lypolysis

Clinical Features
HISTORY AND PRESENTATION-
Known history of diabetes mellitus (DM), which
is usually type 2

Patients may complain of increasing thirst,
polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, and weakness

A wide variety of focal and global neurologic
changes may be present, including drowsiness
and delirium to hemiparesis and coma
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION-

Examine the patient for evidence of HHS, focusing on
hydration status, mentation(skin tugor), and signs of
possible underlying causes, such as a source of
infection.

Tachycardia is an early indicator of dehydration;
hypotension is a later sign suggestive of profound
dehydration due to volume loss secondary to osmotic
diuresis.

Body weight is the single most important measurement
in assessing the degree of hydration. For every 1 L of
body fluids lost, 1 kg of body weight is lost.

Laboratory studies
Severe hyperglycemia is present, with blood glucose values ranging
from 600 mg/dL to 2400 mg/dL.

In mild cases, where dehydration is less severe, dilutional
hyponatremia as well as urinary sodium losses may reduce serum
sodium to 120-125 mEq/L, which protects to some extent against
extreme hyperosmolality. However, as dehydration progresses,
serum sodium can exceed 140 mEq/L, producing serum osmolality
readings of 330-440 mosm/kg.

Ketosis and acidosis are usually absent or very mild.

Prerenal azotemia is the rule, with serum urea nitrogen elevations
over 100 mg/dL being typical.
Treatment
Key is to improve tissue perfusion
Fluid resuscitation
NS preferred
Initial rates of 500-1500 mL/h during first two hrs.
More conservative therapy for pts w/ cardiac ds.
Once hypotension, tachycardia, and urinary output
improve fluid can be changed to 1/2NS.
D5 NS can be used once serum glucose reaches
250-300mg/dL.
Treatment
Electrolytes
K+
Initial levels may be normal or high in the presence of
acidemia
Levels < 3.3mEq/L represents severe deficit and are at risk
for dysrhythmias.
Replacement can begin once urinary output is assured.
Replace at a rate of 10-20mEq/h.
Na+
Replaced rapidly w/ the amount of NS required for fluid
resuscitation.
Mag and Phos
No current guidelines for random replacement in the ED.
Treatment
Insulin
As in DKA IV administration preferred over IM
or SubQ due to poor adsorption.
IV infusion at rate of 0.1 units/kg/h R insulin
Loading dose is optional
Once serum glucose reaches 250-300mg/dL
fluid can be to D5 1/2NS and insulin can be
decreased to 0.05units/kg/h.

COMPLICATIONS:

Cerebral edema may occur from rapid lowering of glucose levels and an
ensuing rapid drop in plasma osmolarity

Acute respiratory distress syndrome, PE, MI, or pneumonitis that has
worsened with rehydration-rapid correction of hyperglycemia and
hyperosmolarity gives rise to pulmonary edema

Vascular complications like hypotension and hyperviscosity of the blood,
both of which predispose patients to thromboembolic disease of the
coronary, cerebral, pulmonary, and mesenteric beds

Patient Education:

Diabetic teaching, provided both in the hospital and after discharge by the
primary care physician

A certified diabetes educator should instruct all patients on management of
sick days

What warning signs should the patient keep in mind?

Dry, parched mouth
Extreme thirst (although this may gradually disappear)
Warm, dry skin that does not sweat
High fever (over 101 degrees Fahrenheit, for example)
Sleepiness or confusion
Loss of vision
Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there)
Weakness on one side of the body
Prognosis

The overall mortality rate of HHS is more than ten times
that of diabetic ketoacidosis, chiefly because of

its higher incidence in older patients, who may have
compromised cardiovascular systems or associated
major illnesses and whose dehydration is often
excessive because of delays in recognition and
treatment.

When prompt therapy is instituted, the mortality rate can
be reduced from nearly 50% to that related to the
severity of coexistent disorders.