RESPIRATION SYSTEM

IN HUMAN
GASEOUS EXCHANGE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
BASIC COMPETENCE
3.4 Explaining the Relationshp
between the structure,the
function,and the process and also
disorders/diseases that happen to
human and animals respiration
system (for example bird).
INDICATOR
Explaining the function and structure of
humans respiration system
Explaining humans respiration
mechanism.
Differentiating the chest and stomach
respiration.
Explaining the mechanism process of
transfering Oxygen and carbondioxide
from alveolus to blood capillary and vice
versa.
OBJECTIVES
AFTER LEARNING THIS CHAPTER,
YOU WILL ABLE TO IDENTIFY,
CONNECT AND EXPLAIN THE
STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND THE
PROCESS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
IN HUMAN, ALSO IDENTIFY
DISORDER THAT HAPPENS IN
HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
HUMAN RESPIRATION SYSTEM
A. Respiration organs.
B. Breathing mechanism.
C. Internal respiration.
Respiration is the process of air taking to
get oxygen required for oxidation of
foodstuff that happens in cell with its final
product is energy
Breathing is taking of respiratory air from
free air to enter into the lung and
discharge of waste gas from lung to free
air

AIR TAKING FOR EACH KIND OF
ORGANISM
Inderectly : happens in organism
that already has particular
respiratory organ
ex: Human
Derectly : happens in organism that
already has not yet particular
respiratory organ
ex: soil worm
The human respiratory system
Figure 22.6A
Nasal
cavity

Left lung

Pharynx

(Esophagus)

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchus

Bronchiole

Diaphragm

(Heart)

Right
lung

In humans and other mammals, air
enters through the nasal cavity
It passes through the pharynx and
larynx into the trachea
The trachea forks to form two bronchi
Each bronchus branches into numerous
bronchioles
AIR IS TAKEN DOWN INTO THE LUNGS
Air can enter the body through either the nose or mouth. The nose
and the mouth are separated by the palate, so you can breathe
through your nose even when you are eating.
Is is better to breathe through your nose, because the structure of the
nose allows the air to become warm, moist, and filtered before it gets
to the lungs. Inside the nose are some thin bones called turbinal
bones which are covered with a thin layer of cells. Some of these cells
make a liquid containing water and mucus which evaporates into the
air in the nose and moistens it.
1. The NOSE and MOUTH
Other cells have very tiny hair-like projections called cilia. The cilia
are always moving, and bacteria or particles of dust get trapped in
them and in the mucus. Cilia are found all along the trachea and
bronchi, too. They waft the mucus, containing bacteria & dust, up to
the back of the throat, so that it doesnt not block up the lungs.
The air then passes into the windpipe or trachea. At the top of the
trachea, is a piece of cartilage called epiglottis. This closes the
trachea and stops food going down the trachea when you swallow.
This is a reflex action, which happens automatically when a bolus
of food touches the soft palate.
2. The TRACHEA
The air then passes into the windpipe or trachea. At the top of the
trachea, is a piece of cartilage called epiglottis. This closes the
trachea and stops food going down the trachea when you swallow.
This is a reflex action, which happens automatically when a bolus
of food touches the soft palate.
Just below the epiglottis is the voice box or larynx. This contains
the vocal cords. The vocal cords can be tightened by muscles so
that they make sounds when air passes over them. The trachea
has rings of cartilage around it, which keep it open.
The trachea goes down through the neck and into the thorax. The
thorax is the upper part of your body from the neck down to the
bottom of the ribs and diaphragm. In the thorax, the trachea
divides into two. The two branches are called the right and the left
bronchi. One bronchus goes to each lung and then branches out
into many smaller tubes called bronchioles.
3. The BRONCHI
At the end of each
bronchiole are tiny air
sacs or alveoli. This is
where gaseous
exchange takes place.
4. The ALVEOLI
ALVEOLAR WALLS FORM THE RESPIRATORY SURFACE
The walls of the alveoli are respiratory surface. Tiny blood vessels,
called capillaries, are closely wrapped around the outside of the
alveoli. Oxygen diffuses across the walls of the alveoli into the blood.
Carbon dioxide diffuses the other way.
The walls of the alveoli have several features which make them an
efficient gaseous exchange surface.
They are very Thin
Alveolar walls are only one cell thick. The
capillary walls also only one cell thick. An
oxygen molecule only has to diffuse across
this small thickness to get into the blood.
The bronchioles end in clusters
of tiny sacs called alveoli
Alveoli form the respiratory
surface of the lungs
Oxygen diffuses
through the thin
walls of the
alveoli into
the blood
Figure 22.6C
Figure 22.6B
Oxygen-rich
blood

Oxygen-poor
blood

Alveoli

Blood capillaries

Bronchiole

Smoking causes lung cancer and
contributes to heart disease
Smoking also causes emphysema
Cigarette smoke
makes alveoli
brittle, causing
them to rupture
This reduces the
lungs capacity
for gas exchange
Figure 22.7A, B
Breathing is the alternation of inhalation
and exhalation
Breathing ventilates the lungs
Figure 22.8A
Rib cage
expands as
rib muscles
contract

Air
inhaled

Lung

Diaphragm

INHALATION
Diaphragm contracts
(moves down)

EXHALATION
Diaphragm relaxes
(moves up)

Rib cage
gets smaller
as rib muscles
relax

Air
exhaled

Inhalation process in chest respiration
Outer inter ribs contraction

The volume of chest cavity increases

Lungs becomes developing

The pressure of chest cavity decreases

The pressure of lungs decreases

External air/O2 enter into pulmonary cavity
Lung total volume
Respiratory air: air that enters or out the
lung as the effect of ordinate respiration
500 cc
Complementary air: air that still can put
into the lung maximally after doing normal
inspiration
1500 cc
Reservation air : air that still can be
discharged maximally after doing normal
expiration
1500 cc
Residual air : air that still remain in the
lung after doing max respiration
1000 cc
Cavity vital : (500 + 1500 + 1500) cc = 3500 cc
Volume total (3500 + 1000) cc = 4500 cc
THE RIBS & DIAPHRAGM MOVE DURING BREATHING
To make air move in and out of the lungs, you must keep changing
the volume of your thorax. First, you make it large so that air is
sucked in. then, you make it smaller again so that air is squeezed
out. This is called breathing or ventilation.
There are 2 sets of muscles which help you to breathe. One set is
in between the ribs. This set is called intercostal muscles made up
of the external and internal intercostal muscles. The other set is in
the diaphragm. The diaphragm is a large sheet of muscle and
elastic tissue which stretches across your body, underneath the
lung and hearth.
BREATHING IN IS CALLED INSPIRATION
When breathing in, the muscles of the diaphragm contract. This
pulls the diaphragm downwards, which increases the volume in the
thorax. At the same time, the external intercostal muscles contact.
This pulls the ribs the ribs cage upwards and outwards. Together,
these movements increase the volume of the thorax.
As the volume of the thorax increases, the pressure inside it falls
below atmospheric pressure. Extra space has been made and
something must come in to fill it up. Air therefore rushes in along
the trachea and bronchi into the lungs.
BREATHING OUT IS CALLED EXPIRATION
When breathing out, the muscles of the diaphragm relax. The
diaphragm springs back up onto its domed space because it is
made of elastic tissue. This decreases the volume in the thorax.
The external intercostal muscles also relax. The rib cage drops
down again into its normal position. This also decreases the
volume of the thorax.
As the volume of the thorax decreases, the pressure inside it
increases. Air is squeezed out through the trachea into the nose
and mouth, and on out of the body.
Vital capacity is the maximum volume of
air we can inhale and exhale
But our lungs hold more than this amount
The alveoli do not completely collapse
A residual volume of dead air remains in the
lungs after exhalation
Breathing control centers are located in the
pons and medulla of the brain
These automatic controls keep breathing in
tune with body needs
Breathing is automatically controlled
During exercise, the CO
2
level in the blood
rises, lowering the blood pH
This triggers
a cascade of
events
Figure 22.9
Brain

Cerebrospinal fluid

BREATHING CONTROL
CENTERSstimulated by:

CO
2
increase / pH decrease
in blood

Nerve signal
indicating low
O
2
level

O
2
sensor
in artery

Pons

Medulla

Nerve signals
trigger
contraction
of muscles

Diaphragm

Rib muscles

Figure 22.1
1 Breathing
2 Transport
of gases by
the circulatory
system
3 Servicing of
cells within
the body
tissues
Lung
O
2

CO
2

Circulatory
system
Capillary
Cell
CO
2
O
2
Mitochondria
Gas exchange
in the body
Figure 22.10A
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells
It carries most of the oxygen in the blood
Figure 22.10B
Heme
group

Iron
atom

Polypeptide chain

O
2
loaded
in lungs

O
2
unloaded
in tissues

O
2
O
2
Hemoglobin helps buffer the pH of blood
and carries some CO
2
Hemoglobin helps transport CO
2

and buffer the blood
Most CO
2
in the
blood combines with
water to form
carbonic acid
The carbonic acid
breaks down to form
H
+
ions and
bicarbonate ions
These help buffer the
blood
Figure 22.11A
TISSUE CELL

CO
2
produced

INTERSTITIAL
FLUID

CO
2
CO
2
CO
2
BLOOD
PLASMA
WITHIN
CAPILLARY

Capillary
wall

H
2
O
H
2
CO
3
Carbonic acid

RED
BLOOD
CELL

HCO
3

+

H
+
Hemoglobin
picks up
CO
2
and H
+
Bicarbonate

HCO
3

Most CO
2
is
transported to the
lungs in the form of
bicarbonate ions
Figure 22.11B
ALVEOLAR SPACE IN LUNG

CO
2
CO
2
H
2
O
H
2
CO
3
HCO
3

+

H
+
Hemoglobin
releases
CO
2
and H
+
HCO
3

CO
2
CO
2
A human fetus
depends on
the placenta
for gas
exchange
Connection: The human fetus exchanges
gases with the mothers bloodstream
Figure 22.12
Placenta, containing
maternal blood vessels
and fetal capillaries

Umbilical cord,
containing fetal
blood vessels

Amniotic
fluid

Uterus

A network of capillaries exchanges O
2
and
CO
2
with maternal blood that carries gases
to and from the mothers lungs
At birth, increasing CO
2
in the fetal blood
stimulates the fetuss breathing control
centers to initiate breathing
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
O2 carrying with Hb :
Hb4 + 4 O2 4 HbO2 (Oksihemoglobin)

Released CO2 from capilary (artery pulmonary)
H
+
+ HCO3
-
H2CO3 H2O + CO2
O2 + HbCO2 HbO2 + CO2

INTERNAL RESPIRATION
Released O2
HbO2 Hb + O2
Carrying CO2
CO2 + HbO2 HbCO2 + O2
(Karbominohemoglobin)

CO2 + H2O
karbonat anhidrase
H2CO3
HCO3
-
+ H
+
CELL RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 + O2 ATP
+ CO2 + H2O