Cementing

Primary Cementing
Overview
2

Primary Cementing
The introduction of a cementacious
material into the annulus between
casing and open hole to :

Provide zonal isolation
Support axial load of casing strings and
strings to be run later
Provide casing support and protection
Support the borehole
3

Types of Casings
Conductor
Surface
Intermediate
Production
Liner
4

Conductor
Purpose
Prevents washing out under the rig
Provides elevation for flow nipple
Common sizes and depths:
30 - 20 Welded
20 - 16 Threaded
30 - 200 (< 100 common)
5

Conductor
Other Remarks:
Plugs not used
Careful pumping practices
Large excess required
Thru-drill pipe cementing common
BOPs not unusually connected
Common Cements
Accelerated Neat
6

Thru-Drill Pipe Cementing
Key Points:
Cement contamination
Channelling
Displacement
Pump until cement to surface
7

Outside Cementing
Purpose
Bring cement to surface
Macaroni tubing used
Max. depth 250-300 ft
High friction pressures
Non-standard connections
Tubing moved
during job
8

Surface
Purposes:
Protects surface fresh water formations
Cases off unconsolidated or lost circulation
areas
Supports subsequent casing strings
Provides primary pressure control (BOP
support)
Common sizes and depths:
20 - 9 5/8 threaded
100 - 3000 (or more)
9

Surface Cementing
Excess of 100% plus not uncommon
Recommend thru-drill pipe method to
save
Cement
Rig time
Common cements:
Lead light weight slurries with high yields
Neat tail slurries with good compressive
strength
Reduce WOC to a minimum with
accelerators
10

BOP
Rotary table
Rig Floor
Choke Line
Mud Outlet
Annular Preventor
BLIND RAMS
SHEAR RAMS
PIPE RAMS
Conductor pipe
Cement
Surface Casing Head
Surface Casing
11

Intermediate (Also called
Protection)
Purposes:
Separates hole into workable sections
Lost Circulation
Salt Section
Overpressured Zones
Heaving Shales
Common sizes and depths:
13 3/8, 10 3/4, 9 5/8
3000 to 10,000
12

Intermediate Casings
Cemented to surface or to previous casing
shoe
Two stage jobs common
Plugs, casing equipment, casing accessories
usual
Good cementing practices are required
Large cement volumes
Common Cements:
Typically filler slurries followed by high
compressive tail
Specialised (light, heavy, salt - saturated, etc)
13

Two Stage Cementing
Key Points:
Separation and
isolation of zones
Reduces
hydrostatic
Can leave zone
in the annulus
uncemented
(cement at TD
and surface)
1st Stage
Stage
Collar
2nd
Stage
14

Production
Purposes:
Isolates the pay zone from other formations
and the fluids in them.
Protective housing for production equipment.
Subsurface artificial lift
Multiple zone completion
Screens for sand control
Covers worn or damaged intermediate string.
Common sizes:
4 1/2, 5, 7, & 9 5/8
15

Liners
Liner Wiper
Plug
Drill pipe
Wiper Plug
Liner
Hanger
Running
Tool
Shear
Pin
Key Points:
Requires less
casing
Deeper wells
Small annular
clearance
Specialized
equipment
16

Casing
API Casing Specs
OD 9 5/8
Weight 53.5 lbs/ft (determines ID)
Grade C75 (yield point allowable
tension)
Burst pressure 7430 PSI
Collapse pressure 6380 PSI
Thread Buttress
Tapered string used to minimize well cost.
Casing program for well based on :
Burst Pressure
Collapse Pressure
Tensile Load
17

Thread Types
8 Round
Seals on threads
Use of couplings
Buttress
Seals on threads
Use of couplings
VAM
Seals on threads &
shoulder
Use of couplings
Hydrill
Seals on threads &
shoulder
Integral
2 sets of threads
18

Running Casing
Inspection of Casing
Tuboscope
Pipe tally
Hole Preparation
Mud condition
Clearance
Running
Casing crews
Too fast
Landing Casing
Nippling up
19

Job Procedures
Pre Job:
Check calculations with co-man
Rig up
Stem 1 on equipment
Check materials
Safety and organisation meeting
Prepare mix fluids, spacers and washes

20

Job Procedures
The Job:
Test lines
Load plugs
Pump Washes / Spacers
Drop bottom plug
Mix and pump cement
Drop top plug
Displace
Bump plug and check returns
21

Job Procedures
Post Job:
Wash up
Rig down
Stem equipment
Paper work
Drilling Cementing Jobs:
Casing Cementing
Cementing as a Plug
Cement Classifications:

1) Class A
2) Class B
3) Class C
4) Class D
5) Class E
6) Class F
7) Class G
8) Class H
9) Class J
Cement Compositions:
Tri Calcium Silicate (3CaO.SiO255-65%)
Di Calcium Silicate (2CaO.SiO225-35%)
Tri Calcium Aluminate(3CaO.Al2O3.<3%)
Tetra .Cal. Alumina Ferrite
(4CaO.Al2O3.FeO3..10-15%)
Cement aplication (Depth & temp.)

CMT Depth(ft) Temp.(oF) CW(PCF)
A 0-6000 <170 117.2
D 6000-10000 170-230 123.5
E 10000-14000 230-290 123.5
G 0-8000 <200 118.7
Principles of Casing Cementings:

A) Primary Casing Cementing
B) Secondary Casing Cementing
1) Squeeze Cementing
-In Liner Lap
-In Punches of Casing/Liner
2)Top Job
-In Annuluses (Csg-Csg or Hole-Csg)
Purpose of Cementing:
--------------------------
A) Protection B) Prevention
1) To provide support for the Casing Against
Drilling Vibrations
2) To Restrict Fluid movement from
Formations with different Pore pressure
3) To Bond Between Casing and Formation
4) To Protect the Casing from Corrosion
5) To Prevent Fluid Flow from high pressure zone
6) To plug the Loose zones of well

Cement Additives:
----------------------
1) Increase/Decrease of Slurry Weight
2) Cement Strength Additives
3) Lost Circulating Control Additives
4) Fluid Loss Control Additives(CMC)
5) Increase Slurry Volume (Bentonite)
6) Increase/Decrease Thickening Time(CMC)
Low Density Cement Slurries:
Low Density(90-123 PCF Wt)
Two Methods to Decrease CMT Slurry Weight:
1) Extenders: Which they have high water
requirement , so more water lower the
Cement Density:
Bentonite, Pozzolan, Perlite
2) Using of Low Density Materials:
Gilsonite (SG=1.07)
Bentonite Using:
Advantages:
1) Lower The Water Loss of Slurry
2) Increase The volume of Slurry (Low
Cost)
3) Lower the Slurry density & Suspend the
Cement Particles
Disadvantages:
1) Decreases the Cement Strength
2) Increases the Cement Permeability
(Water absorption)

High Density Cement Slurries:
High Density(More than 123 PCF
Wt)
Heavy Weight Additives for Cement
Have to:
1) Low Water Requirement
2) Chemically Inert
3) Keep the Cement Strength
4) Uniform Particles Size
5) No Affect On the Formation
Casing & Cementing Equipment:
Cement Head: Installed on the L.J ,has
Inlet for slurry and plug container
Casing shoe : Used as a guide ,set under first
joint of Casing(Sometimes has Float valve)
Cement Collar : Used to make A distance for
Cement above Shoe ,Installed Above
1 st /2 nd Jt on shoe(has F.valve)
Bottom & Top Plug: Use As Spacer Between
Cement & Mud
Centralizers/Scratches: Use to Center the Casing
To allow Cement Pass through the annulus /clean
Annulus
Accelerators Are Chemical Materials add to
the CMT to Decrease the Thickening Time and Setting
Time And Increase The Early Strength
(Generally Minerals)
1)CaCl2: It is a Hygroscopic Material Which
Absorb the humidity (Powder, Flake, Pellet)
Amount:
Up to 2%------T.T,C.S(Total Accelerator)
2%-10 %-------T.T (Partial Accelerator)
>10 % ------Hi T.T
2) CaCl2:
Amount:
Up to 10%----T.T,C.S(Total Accelerator)
> 10 % -----Retarder
Cement Accelerators:

Cement Retarders:
Retarder Are Chemical Materials Add to the CMT
to Increase The Thickening Time
1) Calcium Lignosulfonate: Soluble In Water
And Makes a film Around CMT Particles
Prevent The Hydration ,Decreases the
reaction(Increase Thickening Time)
Temperature: Up to 180(oF)
2) Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose(CMC):
Temperature: Up to 200(oF)
3) NaCl : More 10% Acts as Retarder
Preflushing
Preflushing is used For Cleaning
Hole From Cake Before Cementing
Preflushing Fluids:
1) Thinners (Salt Slon. Lime Slon.,)
2) Scavenger (Fluids with Abrasive
materials: Low vis. CMT)
3) High Viscosity Solutions:(Viscosity
Sweep : Mud Sweep)

Cementing Job:
1) One Stage(Conventional)
Pumping The Cement Then Displacing
Using :Shoe And Cement Collar
2) Multi Stage Cementing
-Deep Wells
-Loose Zones
Pumping Cement In Ann. Under DV Collar(s)
Then Above it
Using: Shoe, Cement Collar And DV Collar
Casing Cementing Steps

-Rig Up Cement Lines And Test
-Set Cement Head
-Install Cement Head
-Pump Spacer
-Drop Bottom Plug
-Pump Lead (Mixed) Cement
-Pump Tail(Neat) Cement
-Drop Top Plug
-Displace Cement
-Bleed Off Pressure
Casing Cementing
Pumping Cement Displacing Cement

Cement Collar
Bottom Plug
Spacer

Bumping
Casing Cementing Calculations
Required Cement Volume(Vc)
Vc=V1(Vol. of CSG-CSG)+V2(Vol. of Hole-CSG
shoe-shoe)+V3(Vol. of Shoe Track..Shoe-Collar)
V1= CSG-CSG Ann.Cap.(Bbl/m)*Length(m)
V2=CSg-Hole Ann. Cap(Bbl/m)*Length(shoe-
shoe-m)
V3=CSG Cap(Bbbl/m)*Length(Shoe-Collar-m)
Rquired Mud Vol. For Disp. Cement(Vd)
Vd=CSGs Cap(Bbl/m)*L(Surf.-Collar-m)
Liner Cementing Calculations
Required Cement Volume(VLNR)
VLNR=V1(Vol. LNR-CSG)+V2(Vol. LNR-Hol-
shoe-shoe)+V3(Vol. Shoe Trk-LDC-Shoe)
Required Mud For Shearing/Disp.(Vsh/VB)
VB(d)=Vsh(Drill Pipe Vol.)+VL(Vol Of Liner To
LDC)
Liner Cementing (Drop Bump Down Plug)

























Mud





















Drop Pump Down Plug
LDC

Liner Cementing (Shearing Step)















Shearing














End Of Displacing Cement (Bumping)











Swab Cups











Mud




Bumping



End Of Cement/Displacing
[U-Tube]









U-Tube
D













Bumping






U-Tube Due to
Having Cement
On Liner Lap
With Wet Jts On
Surface Indication
While Starting
POOH
Displacing Pressure (Liner)


Shearing LLap
Bumping
P
V
Cementing Through Drill Pipes
Cementing End Of Displacing











Stinger-Sting In
Douplex Shoe













Stinger-Sting In
Douplex Shoe


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