E. Wainright Martin Carol V. Brown Daniel W.

DeHayes
Jeffrey A. Hoffer William C. Perkins
MANAGING
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
FIFTH EDITION
CHAPTER 4
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKING

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 2
Sharing of technology resources
Sharing of data
Distributed data processing and
client/server systems
Enhanced communications
Marketing outreach
THE NEED FOR NETWORKING
Page 96-97

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 3
AN OVERVIEW OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKING
Page 97-98
Networking
the electronic linking of geographically dispersed devices
Telecommunications
communications (voice and data) at a distance

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 4
Page 98
Table 4.1 Functions of a
Telecommunications Network

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 5
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Analog and Digital Signals
Page 98-100
Analog network uses continuous voltage
varying as a function of time
Example: voice over telephone lines
Digital network directly transmits two discrete
states
Note: 0 for pulse off and 1 for pulse on

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 6
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Analog and Digital Signals
Page 99
Modem
Device needed when transmitting data over analog
lines
Converts data from digital to analog to be sent over
analog telephone lines
Also reconverts data back to digital after data
transmission
Abbreviation for modulator/demodulator

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 7
Analog and Digital Signals
Page 99
Figure 4.1 Use of Modem in Analog Network
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 8
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Speed of Transmission
Page 100
Bandwidth
difference between highest and lowest frequencies
(cycles per second) that can be transmitted on a
single medium
common measure of a mediums capacity

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 9
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Speed of Transmission
Page 100
Hertz cycles per second
Baud number of signals sent per second
Bits per second (bps) number of bits sent per
second

When each cycle sends one signal that transmits exactly
one bit of data (often the case), then the three terms are
identical

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 10
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Transmission Lines
Page 101
Switched line system
Example: public telephone system
Uses switching centers to route signals along best
possible path to destination
Private (dedicated) lines
Leased from companies such as MCI, Sprint, AT&T
Use direct physical lines between source and
destination

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 11
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Transmission Lines
Page 101
Simplex data travels in one direction only
Half-duplex data can travel in both directions,
but only one direction at a time
Full-duplex data travels in both directions at the
same time



2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 12
Transmission Media
Page 101
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 13
Transmission Media
Page 101
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Typical Speeds
Table 4.2 Telecommunications
Transmission Speeds

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 14
Transmission Media
Page 102
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Figure 4.3 Construction of a Coaxial Cable

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 15
Cordless telephone
Cellular phone
Wireless LAN
Microwave
Satellite
Transmission Media
Page 102
Wireless
broadcast technology in which radio signals are sent out
into the air
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 16
Transmission Media
Page 102
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Figure 4.4 Satellite Communications

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 17
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Transmission Lines
Page 105-106
Fiber-optic cabling
Newest transmission medium
Transmits data by pulses of light through thin fiber
of glass
Much faster than other media
Thinner requires less space
More secure harder to tap




2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 18
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Topology of Networks
Page 106
Topology
term used to describe the configuration or
arrangement of network devices and media

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 19
Topology of Networks
Page 106
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Figure 4.5 Network Topologies

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 20
More Complex Networks
Page 107 Figure 4.6 vBNS+ Network Map

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 21
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
Page 108
Computer Telecommunications Networks
Private branch exchange (PBX) Networks
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Backbone Networks
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Internet
Internet2






2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 22
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
Page 108
Computer Telecommunications Networks
Emanates from a single medium or large computer
Usually arranged as a tree
Uses coaxial and twisted pair cabling
Controlled by central computer
Often has a front-end processor to handle all
aspects of telecommunications






2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 23
Page 108
Figure 4.7 Computer
Telecommunications Network

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 24
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
Page 109
Private Branch Exchanges (PBX)
Originally analog, today usually digital
Can serve as the central device in a star or ring
network
Can function as front-end processor for mainframe






2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 25
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
Page 109
Private Branch Exchanges (PBX)
Advantages:
Can connect ALL telecommunications devices in a
building or campus
Can use existing telephone wiring
Can carry voice and data over same network
Has a high-potential throughput





2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 26
Page 109
Figure 4.8 Schematic Representation
of a PBX

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 27
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
Page 109
Local Area Networks
Owned by a single organization
Operate within area 2-3 miles in diameter
Contain a number of intelligent devices, usually
microcomputers, that can process data based
on peer-to-peer relationship
No part of telephone system, have their own wiring








2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 28
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Page 109
LAN Topologies and Standards
Contention bus design IEEE 802.3
Token bus design IEEE 802.4
Token ring design IEEE 802.5
Wireless design IEEE 802.11







Local Area Networks

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 29
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Local Area Networks
Page 110
Contention Bus Design (Ethernet)
Bus topology
Implemented with coax or twisted pair
Usually half-duplex
All devices contend for use of cable
Design now called Shared Ethernet uses a
contention bus as its logical topology and
implemented with a physical star arrangement








2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 30
Page 109
Figure 4.9 Shared Ethernet Topology:
Logical Bus, Physical Star

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 31
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Page 110
Switched Ethernet
Newer variation, better performance, higher price
Uses switch instead of hub
Operates both logical and physical star
Each device has own dedicated circuit






Local Area Networks

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 32
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Page 110
Token Bus
Employs bus topology, no contention
Uses single token passed around to all devices in
order
Device can only transmit when has token
Central to Manufacturing Automation Protocol
(MAP) connects robots and other machines on
assembly line by a LAN






Local Area Networks

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 33
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Page 111
Token Ring
Device attached to ring must seize token before
can send a message
Collisions cannot occur
Usual implementation is physical star, logical ring






Local Area Networks

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 34
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Page 111
Wireless LAN
Known as Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)
Growing in demand for corporate and home use
Use IEEE 802.11 standards with shared Ethernet
design
Requires use of wireless network interface card
(NIC)
Wireless Access Point (WAP) radio transceiver that
acts as a hub






Local Area Networks

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 35
Page 112
Figure 4.10 Wireless Local Area Network
Topology

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 36
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
Page 113
Backbone Network
In-between network that interconnects LANs in a single
organization with each other and with organizations
WAN and the Internet






2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 37
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
Page 113
Backbone network terminology:
Bridge connects two LANs using same protocol
Router (gateway) connects two or more LANs that
may use different protocols
Switch connects more than two LANs using the
same protocols






2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 38
Page 112 Figure 4.11 Sample Backbone Network

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 39
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
Page 114
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Communicate voice and data across greater
distances
Usually owned by several organizations (including
user organization and common carrier)
Employ point-to-point transmission
Often rely on public telephone network






2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 40
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of WANs
Page 115
Switched-circuit
Direct distance dialing (DDD)
Wide Area Telephone Service (WATS)
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN)
Dedicated-circuit
Leased lines
Satellite


2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 41
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Page 116
Packet-switched
Shared private lines using store-and-forward data
transmission
Permits multiple connections to exist
simultaneously over the same physical circuit



Types of WANs

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 42
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Page 117
ATM fast packet switching with short, fixed-length
packets
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) provide same as
private packet-switched network using the public
Internet




Types of WANs

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 43
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
Page 117-118
The Internet
Network of networks that use the TCP/IP protocol
Contain gateways to computers that do not use
TCP/IP
Provides four basic functions:
Electronic mail
Remote login
Discussion groups
Sharing of data resources





2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 44
Page 118 Table 4.4 Internet Applications

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 45
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
DSL, Cable Modem, and Satellite
Page 120
Internet access services:
Digital subscriber line (DSL) service offered by
telephone companies using copper wire already installed
in homes moving data over wires without disturbing
voice traffic
Cable modem connection obtained from cable TV
company using existing home coaxial cable
Satellite most expensive, but may be only option for
customers in rural areas





2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 46
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
I ntranets
Page 122
Intranet
a network operating within an organization that uses
the TCP/IP protocol

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 47
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Page 122
Internet2
not-for-profit consortium of over 200 universities,
working with over 60 technology companies and the
U.S. government, to develop and deploy advanced
network applications and technologies

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 48
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Page 123
Primary goals of Internet2:
Create a leading-edge network capability for the
national research community
Enable revolutionary Internet applications based on a
much higher-performance Internet that we have
today
Ensure the rapid transfer of new network services
and applications to the broader Internet community

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 49
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Network Protocols
Page 124
Protocol
agreed-upon set of rules governing communication
among layers or levels of a network

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 50
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Page 124
LAN protocols:
Contention bus
Token bus
Token ring
Wireless
IBMs own protocol Systems Network Architecture
(SNA)




Network Protocols

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 51
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Page 124-125
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
network protocol Open Systems Interconnection
Reference Model (OSI)
Thought to become the only standard for networking
Gained momentum until Internet explosion
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)
Has become the de facto standard for networking today
Network Protocols

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 52
Page 126
Figure 4.17 Data Transmission
Based on OSI Model

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 53
THE EXPLODING ROLE OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Page 128-129
Online Operations
Connectivity
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and
Electronic Commerce
Marketing

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 54
THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
INDUSTRY
Carriers
Own or lease the physical plant cabling,
satellites, cellular towers, etc.
Sell service of transmitting communication
from one location to another
Page 130

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 55
THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
INDUSTRY
Equipment vendors
Manufacture and sell LAN software and
hardware
Includes routers, hubs, wireless access
points, digital switches, multiplexers, cellular
telephones, modems

Page 130

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 56
THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
INDUSTRY
Page 130
Service providers
Operate networks and deliver services
through the network
Provide access to or services via the Internet
(such as AOL, Microsoft Network, Yahoo!,
and many ISPs