Circular Motion

Part 2
Centripetal Force
Bear in mind
(a) Centripetal force is not a new force or a separate force.
It is a name given for the resultant of the usual forces such as
friction, normal reaction, tension of the string, force of gravity,
EM forces etc that causes circular motion.
This is the resultant force must be directed towards the centre
of the circle.

(b) Centripetal force does not change the magnitude of the
velocity;
It only changes the direction of the motion.

(c) Direction of F is perpendicular to the direction of the motion.
There is no component of the force in the direction of the
motion.
Therefore, no work is done on the body.
Centripetal Force
Practice 1
Example of circular motion
Practice 2
Example of circular motion
Circling at an angle
Circling at an angle
Example of circular motion
Example of circular motion
Practice 3
Example of circular motion
Example of circular motion
Example of circular motion
Practice 4
Practice 5
Practice 6
Example of circular motion
Practice 7
Example of circular motion
Practice 8
Banking of Roads

The phenomenon of raising outer edge of the
curved road above the inner edge is to provide
necessary centripetal force to the vehicles to take
a safer turn and the curved road is called Banking
of Roads.
Banked Roads
When a vehicle goes round a curved road, it requires
some centripetal force. While rounding the curve, the
wheels of the vehicle have a tendency to leave the
curved path and regain the straight line path. Force of
friction between wheels and the roads opposes this
tendency of the wheels. This force of friction therefore,
acts towards the centre of circular track and provides the
necessary centripetal force.
Centripetal Force on Banked Roads
The centripetal force is along the radius of curvature of
the banked road which is horizontal and not along the
incline. This is also the direction of the centripetal
acceleration.
A car of mass M = 1300 kg traveling at 55.0 km/hour enters a
banked turn covered with ice. The road is banked at an angle
, and there is no friction between the road and the car's tires.
Use g = 9.80 m/s
2
throughout this problem.
r = 65.4 m
F
N
sin = ma
c


Since a
c
= v
2
/r: F
N
sin = mv
2
/r:

And we know (from the explanation above) that F
N
cos = mg:

((F
N
sin) / (F
N
cos)) = (mv
2
/r) / (mg)

Which gives us: tan = (mv
2
/r) / (mg) simplified to: tan = v
2
/ (rg)

We get the tan because the F
N
's on the left cancel and sin/cos = tan.
So to solve now:

First, find velocity in terms of m/s: 55km/h = 55000m/h = 15.277m/s

Next use the formula we solved for: tan = v
2
/ (rg)
tan(20) = 15.277
2
/r) / (9.8r)
0.364 = (23.81/r)

r = 65.4m

Non-uniform circular motion is any case in which an
object moving in a circular path has a varying speed.
Some examples of non-uniform circular motion include
a roller coaster, a vertical pendulum, and a car riding
over a hill. All of these situations include an object
traveling at different speeds in a circular path.
Non-uniform Circular Motion
Non-uniform Circular Motion
t
dV
a
dt

Change the speed

d
with =
dt
V r


t a r
Here is angular acceleration
if is constant f i t
Rotational kinematics
For constant angular acceleration
2
i f
f i t




f i t
2
1/ 2 ( ) f i i t t
2 2
2 f i
Differences from uniform circular motion
If an object is moving in a
circular path but at varying
speeds, it must have a
tangential component to its
acceleration as well as the
radial one.
This concept can be used for an object
moving along any curved path, as any
small segment of the path will be
approximately circular.
A simple pendulum consists of a mass, m suspended at the end of a rope
of length, l. When the rope is at an angle , to the vertical, the speed of the bob
is, v. Find :(a) the radial and tangential components of the acceleration
(b) the tension in the thread
SOLUTION:
It is obvious that the path of the bob is a part of a vertical circle of radius, l. When thread
makes an angle, with the vertical, the speed of the bob is given to be, v. At this moment
there are only two forces acting on theball : (1) tension force, T ; (2) its weight, mg
From figure (b) it is clear that mg sin is the only tangential force on the bob
and hence, tangential acceleration of the bob is g sin .

Both radial and tangential accelerations are above in (c). Their resultant, net
acceleration, is also shown. You should note that when the bob reaches at
the extreme position its speed becomes zero and hence at that position it
has only tangential acceleration.
(b) (c) (a)