1

Date: 5
th
July 2011
Section II
Multiple Access Techniques for wireless
communication

Objectives:
a) To study the duplexing concept and its
types i.e.
Frequency division duplexing (FDD) and
Time division duplexing (TDD)
B) To study Frequency Division Multiple
access (FDMA)
2
Multiple Access Techniques
For Wireless Communication

Multiple access schemes are used to allow
many mobile users to share
simultaneously a finite amount of radio
spectrum.
For high quality communications, this
must be done without severe degradation
in the performance of the system.
3
Multiple Access Techniques
Multiple Access Techniques
FDMA TDMA CDMA
SDMA
4
Multiple Access (MA) Technologies
used in Different Wireless Systems
Cellular Systems MA Technique
AMPS ( Advanced Mobile
Phone system )
FDMA / FDD
GSM ( Global System for
Mobile )
TDMA / FDD
US DC ( U. S Digital
Cellular )
TDMA / FDD
JDC ( Japanese Digital
Cellular )
TDMA / FDD
5
Multiple Access (MA) Technologies
used in Different Wireless Systems
Cellular Systems MA Technique
DECT ( Digital
European Cordless
Telephone )
FDMA / FDD
IS 95 ( U.S Narrowband
Spread Spectrum )
CDMA / FDD
6
Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA)
code
time
frequency
C
1
C
2
C
n
C
n
C
2
C
1
frequency
Figure 1
7
Principles Of Operation
Each user is allocated a unique frequency
band or channel. These channels are
assigned on demand to users who request
service.
In FDD, the channel has two frequencies
forward channel & reverse channel.
8
Principles Of Operation
During the period of the call, no other user
can share the same frequency band.
If the FDMA channel is not in use, then it sits
idle and cannot be used by other users to
increase or share capacity. This is a wasted
resource.

9
Properties of FDMA
The bandwidth of FDMA channels is narrow
(30 KHz) since it supports only one call/
carrier.
ISI is low since the symbol time is large
compared to average delay spread
FDMA systems are simple than TDMA
systems, but modern DSP is changing this
factor.
10
Properties of FDMA
FDMA systems have higher cost
Cell site system due to single
call/carrier
Costly band pass filters to eliminate
spurious radiation
Duplexers in both T/R increase
subscriber costs
FDMA requires tight RF filtering to
minimize adjacent channel
interference
11
Number Of Channel Supported
By FDMA System
g
B
g
B
t
B
t g
c
g
c
B 2B
N
B
B GuardBand
B ChannelBandwidth

12
Example
In the US, each cellular carrier is allocated 416
channels,

=
=
=
(


= =

t
g
c
6 3
3
B 12.5MHz
B 10KHz
B 30KHz
(12.5 10 ) 2(10 10 )
N 416
30 10
13
Time Division
Multiple Access (TDMA)
code
time
frequency
C
1
C
n
C
n
C
2
C
1
time
Figure 2
14
Principles Of Operation
TDMA systems divide the radio spectrum
into time slots and each user is allowed to
either transmit or receive in each time slots.
Each user occupies a cyclically repeating
time slots. TDMA can allow different number
of time slots for separate user.
15
TDMA Frame Structure
Preamble Information
message
Trail Bits
Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot N
Trail Bit Sync Bit Information
Bit
Guard Bits
Figure 3
16
Components of 1 TDMA Frame
Preamble Address and synchronization
information for base station and subscriber
identification
Guard times Synchronization of receivers
between a different slots and frames
17
Principles Of Operation
TDMA shares the single carrier frequency
with several users, where each user makes
use of non-overlapping timeslots.
Data Transmission for user of TDMA
system is not continuous, but discrete
bursts
The result is low battery consumption.
Handoff process is simpler, since it is
able to listen for other base stations
during idle time slots.
18
Principles Of Operation
Since different slots are used for T and R,
duplexers are not required.
Equalization is required, since transmission
rates are generally very high as compared to
FDMA channels.
19
Efficiency of TDMA:


Efficiency of a TEMA system is a measure of
the % of transmitted data that contains
information as opposed to providing
overhead for the access scheme
20
Efficiency of TDMA (13
th
Sept. 10)
Frame Efficiency : is the % of bits per frame
which contain transmitted data

f
No.of bits / framecontainingtransmitted data
Total Numberof bits / frame
q =
OH T
T OH
T
(1 b / b ) 100
(b b )
100
b
=

=
21
Frame efficiency parameters
T
b Total Number of bits per frame =
f
=T R
OH
b =Number of overhead bits /frame
f
T =Frame duration
R=Channel bit rate
r r t p t g r g
=N b N b N b N b + + +
22
Frame efficiency parameters
r
t
r
p
g
N Number of reference bits per frame
N Number of traffic bits per frame
b Number of overhead bits per reference burst
b Number of overhead bits per preamble in each slots
b Number of equivalent bits
=
=
=
=
= in each guard time interval
23
Number of channels in TDMA System
tot guard
c
m(B -2B )
N=
B
guard
m Maximum number of TDMA users supported on each radio channel
B Guard band to present user at the edge of the band
from 'bleeding over' to an adjacent radio service
=
=
24
Example
GSM System uses a TDMA / FDD system.

The GSM System uses a frame structure
where each frame consist of 8 time slots, and
each time slot contains 156.25 bits, and data is
transmitted at 270.833 kbps in the channel.
Find:
25
Example
1. Time duration of a bit
2. Time duration of a slot
3. Time duration of a frame and
4. How long must a user occupying a single
slot must wait between two simultaneous
transmissions?

26
Solution
Time duration of a bit



Time duration of a slot


b
3
1 1
=T = 3.692 s
bit-rate 270.833 10
= =

slot b
T 156.25 T 0.577 s = = = ms
27
Solution
Time duration of a frame



A user has to wait 4.615 ms before next
transmission

slot
8 T 4.615ms = =
28
Example
If a normal GSM timeslot consists of 6 trailing
bits, 8.25 guard bits, 26 training bits, and 2
traffic bursts of 58 bits of data, find the frame
efficiency


29

Solution
Time slots have 6 + 8.25 + 26 + 2(58) = 156.25
bits.
A frame has 8 * 156.25 = 1250 bits / frame.
30
Example
The number of overhead bits per frame is
given by

b
OH
= 8(6) + 8(8.25) + 8(26) = 322 bits
Frame efficiency = (1250 322 ) / 1250
= 74.24 %
31
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
Technologies (SSMA)
SSMA technologies uses techniques which
has a transmission bandwidth that is much
greater than maximum required RF
bandwidth.
This is achieved by pseudo noise (PN)
sequence that contents a narrowband signal
to a wideband noise-like signal before
transmission.
32
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
Technologies (SSMA)
SSMA provides immunity to multiple
interference and has robust multiple access
capability.

33
Types Of Spread
Spectrum Techniques
Frequency Hopped Multiple Access ( FHMA )

Direct Sequence Multiple Access ( CDMA )
34
FHMA:
Frequency hopped multiple access (FHMA)
is a digital multiple access system in which
the carrier frequencies of individual users
are varied in a pseudorandom fashion within
a wideband channel.
It allows multiple users to simultaneously
occupy the same spectrum at the same
time.
User data is broken in to uniform sized
bursts which are transmitted on different
channels within allocated spectrum band.


35
Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum (DS-SS)
code
time
frequency
C
1
C
2
C
3
C
n
Figure 4
36
Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum (DS-SS)
1
m (t)
2
m (t)
1
S (t)
E
t
1
t
k
1
PN (t)
K
PN (t)
c 1
cos(2 f t ) t +
r(t)
c k
cos(2 f t ) t +
37
Principles of operation-transmitter
The narrowband message signal
m
i
(t) is multiplied by a pseudo noise
code sequence that has a chip rate >>
data rate of message.
All users use the same carrier
frequency and may transmit
simultaneously. The kth transmitted
signal is given by:
k s s k k c k
S (t) (2E / T )1/ 2m (t)p (t) cos(2 f t ) = t +
38
CDMA Receiver
c k
cos(2 f t ) t +
r(t)
k
m (t)
}(.)dt
>
<
k
i
Z (t)
K
PN (t)
39
Principles of operation-receiver
At the receiver, the received signal is
correlated with the appropriate signature
sequence to produce desire variable.
1
1
iT
1
i 1 1 c 1 1
(i 1)T
Z (t) r(t)p (t )cos[2 f (t ) ]dt
+t
+t
= t t t +
}
40
Message Signal
m(t) is a time sequence of non-overlapping
pulses of duration T, each of which has an
amplitude (+/-) 1.
The PN waveform consists of N pulses or
chips for message symbol period T.
NT
C
= T
where T
C
is the chip period.
41
Example:

Assume N=4
PN Wave for N =4
1
-1
-1
1
42
Correlator output for first user




The multiplied signal will be p
2
(t) = 1 for the
correct signal and will yield the dispersed
signal and can be demodulated to yield the
message signal m
i
(t).
1
1
iT
1
i 1 1 c 1 1
(i 1)T
Z (t) r(t)p (t )cos[2 f (t ) ]dt
+t
+t
= t t t +
}
1/ 2
1 s s 1 1 c 1
S (t) (2E / T ) m (t)p (t) cos(2 f t ) = t +
43
Probability of bit error
Probability of bit error
P
e
= Q {1/ [(K 1)/3N + (N
0
/2E
b
)]
1/2
}
K = Number of users
N = Number of chips/ symbol

Now when, E
b
/N
o

P
e
= Q{[3N/(K-1)]
1/2
}
44
Features of CDMA :
Many users of a CDMA system share same
frequency. Either TDD or FDD may be used
There is no absolute limit on the number of
users in CDMA.
Multipath fading may be substantially
reduced because the signal is spread over a
large spectrum. i.e. if the spread spectrum
bandwidth is greater than the coherence
B.W. of channel, the inherent frequency
diversity will tone down the effects of small
scale fading.
45
Features of CDMA :
Since CDMA uses co-channel cells, it can
use macroscopic, spatial diversity to
Provide soft handoff. Soft handoff is
performed by the MSC, which can
simultaneously monitor a particular user
from two or more base stations.
Self-jamming is a problem in CDMA system.
Self-jamming arises from the fact that the
spreading sequences of different users are
not exactly orthogonal
The nearfar problem occurs at a CDMA receiver if
an undesired user has a high detected power as
compared to the desired user
46
Important Advantages of CDMA
Many users of CDMA use the same
frequency. Either TDD or FDD may be used.
Multipath fading may be substantially
reduced because of large signal bandwidth.
There is no absolute limit on the number of
users in CDMA. The system performance
gradually degrades for all users as the
number of users is increased.
47
Drawbacks of CDMA
Self-jamming is a problem in a CDMA
system. Self-jamming arise because the PN
sequence are not exactly orthogonal, non-
zero contributions from other users in the
system arise
The near- far problem occurs at a CDMA
receiver if an undesired user has high
detected power as compared to the desired
user.
48
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
Space division multiple access (SDMA)
controls the radiated energy for each user in
space
SDMA serves different users by using spot
beam antennas.
49

50

51
Capacity of Cellular Systems

Channel capacity for a radio system is
defined as the maximum number of
channels or users that can be provided in a
fixed frequency band spectrum
efficiency of wireless system.
52
Capacity of Cellular Systems

For a Cellular System
m = Radio Capacity Matrix = B
t
/ (B
C
* N)
B
t
= Total allocated spectrum for the
system
B
C
= Channel bandwidth
N = Number of cells in frequency reuse
pattern

53
Channel capacity design


CELL A
CELL A
CELL A
CELL A
CELL A
CELL A
54
Channel capacity design
for given C/I ratio

Carrier to Interference ratio



For maximum interference D
0
= R

n
o
n
o
D
C
I
6 D
D =Distance from desired base station to mobile

=

( ) ( )
( )
( )
n
min
n
min
C 1 R
I 6 D
C 1
Q
I 6

=
=
55
Channel capacity design
for given C/I ratio

Q Co- Channel reuse ratio =
0.5
Also ,Q (3 N) =
( )
{ }
min
C
= 6
I

2
(Q)
Therefore , N
3
=
( )
{ }
2/ n
min
C
6
I
eqn2
3

=
n
56
Channel capacity design
for given C/I ratio

( )
( )
t
2/ n
c
min
B
substituting, m
C
B 6 1/ 3
I
=

(

`
(

)
( )
( )
t
(1/ 2)
c
min
B
Whenn 4, m radio channels/ cells
C
B 2/ 3
I
= =

(

`
(

)
( )
min
C
Typical Values of 18 dBfor AnalogFM and12 dB for Digital
I
=
57
Equation of C/I for digital
cellular system
( )
b b
(E R )
C
I I

=
c c
(E R )
I

=
b
b
c
c
R Channel bit rate
E Energy per bit
R Rate of channel code
E Energy per code symbol
=
=
=
=
58
Comparison of FDMA and
TDMA systems - FDMA
The total bandwidth B
t
is divided into M
channels, each with Bandwidth B
c
. The
radio capacity for FDMA is given by
( )
0.5
M
m
C 2
3 I
=
b b
o c
o
C E R
I I B
where I Interference power / Hz
=
=
=
59
TDMA
Assume FDMA occupies the same
spectrum as a single channel TDMA.
b b
o c
b
b
b
C E R
I I B
where R Transmission rate of TDMA system
R Transmission rate of FDMA system
E Energy per bit
' '
=
' '
=
'
=
=
=
60
Example
Consider a FDMA system with 3 channels,
each having a bandwidth of 10 KHz and
transmission rate of 10 kbps. A TDMA
system has 3 time slots, channel bandwidth
of 30 KHz, and a transmission rate of 30
kbps.

61
Example
For the TDMA scheme, the received carrier
to interference ratio for a single user is
measured for 1/3 of the time the channel is
in use.
Compare the radio capacity of the 2
systems.
62
Solution
For FDMA system









4
b b b
o c o
4
b b
4
o o
C E R E 10
I I B I 10 kHz
10
E E
C
I I I
10
= =
= =
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
63
Solution
For TDMA system

( )
( )
4
b
b b
3
o c o
4
b
b
3
o
o
E 10
C E R
0.333s
I I B I 30 10
E 10
1
E
C
I 0.333s I
I 30 10

' '
= =
' '
= =
| |
| |
| |
= = |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
\ .
64
Capacity of Digital Cellular CDMA
Capacity of FDMA and TDMA system is
bandwidth limited.
Capacity of CDMA system is interference
limited.
The link performance of CDMA increases as
the number of users decreases.
65
Single Cell System
The cellular network consists of a large
number of mobile users communicating with
a base station.
The cell site transmitter consist of linear
combiner which adds spread signal of
individual users for the forward channel.
66
Single Cell System
A pilot signal is also included in the cell-site
transmitter and is used by each mobile to
set its own power control for the reverse
link.

67
Capacity of single cell system
Let the number of users be N and the
signal power from each of N users be S
( )

S
Signal to noise ratio SNR=
[ N-1 S]
1
N 1
=

68
Bit energy-to-noise ratio
of single cell system
The bit energy to noise ratio is an important
factor in communication systems
b
o
S
E
R
N
S
(N 1)
W W
R= Baseband information bit rate
W= Total RF bandwidth, W
= Background thermal Noise
=
q
(
+
(

q
69
Number of possible of
single cell system



b
o
W
E
R
N
(N 1)
S
=
q
+
70
Number of users that
can access the system
( )
( )
( )
b
o
W
R
N 1
S
E
N
W
where Pr ocessingGain
R
(
(
q
= +
(
| |
(
|
(
\ .

=
71
Number of users that
can access the system ..

In order to increase the capacity, the
interference due to other users should be
reduced. There are mainly two techniques.

72
Techniques to improve capacity
Antenna Sectorization:
A cell site with 3 antennas, each having a
beamwidth of 1200 , has interference No,
which is 1/3 of the interference received by
omni-directional antenna. This increases the
capacity by a factor of 3.
73
Techniques to improve capacity
Monitoring or Voice activity:
Each transmitter is switched off during
period of no voice activity. Voice activity is
denoted by a factor o

74
SNR Improvement
( )
( )
( )
b
o
s
s
W
E
R
N
N 1
S
where N Number of users per sector
=
'
q
o+
=
75
SNR Improvement
( )
(
(
q
= + < o <
(
o o
(
'

s
b
o
W
R
1
N 1 ,) 0 1
(S
E
N
If = 3/8 and number of sector is equal to 3 ,
SNR increases by a factor o . f 8
o
)
76
CDMA Power Control

In CDMA, the system capacity is controlled
if each mobile transmitter power level is
controlled so that its signal arrives at the
cell site with minimum required S/I.
77
CDMA Power Control ...
If the signal power of all mobile transmitters
within the area of cell site are controlled,
then total signal power received at all site
from all mobile will be equal to average
received power times the number of mobiles
operating in region of coverage.
Optimal power is desired, never too weak or
too strong.
78
Example
If W = 1.25 MHz, R= 9600 bps, and a
minimum acceptable E
b
/ N
o
is 10 dB,
determine the maximum number of users
that can be supported in a single cell CDMA
system using
(a) omni directional base station antennas
and no voice activity detection
(b) 3 sectors at base station and o = 3/8.
Assume the system is interference limited.
q = 0.
79
Solution
(a)








( )
( )
b
o
W
R
N 1
S
E
N
(
(
q
= +
(
| |
(
|
(
\ .

1.25 10
9600
1 0
10
1 13.02 14

(
(
= +
(

= + =
80
Solution
(b)
( )
( )
b
o
W
R
N 1
S
E
N
(
(
q
= +
(
| |
(
|
(
\ .

1.25 10
1
9600
1 0
3
10
8
35.7

| | (
|
(
= +
|
(
\ .
=
81
Solution
Total amount of
users N =
=
=
s
3N
3 35.7
107 users/ cell
82
Space Division Multiple Access
(SDMA)
It controls the
radiated energy for
each user in space
SDMA serves
different users by
using spot beam
antennas

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93