Anatomy

Study of the structure and

shape of the body and its parts
Physiology
Study of how the body and its
parts work or function
Gross anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
Figure 14.1
Microscopic Anatomy
Very small
structures
Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Figure 14.4cd
Cellular Physiology- interactions b/w cell
parts and organelle function.

Developmental Physiology- changes
throughout the development of an
organism.

Pathological Physiology- function
changes that occur to organs over time.
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Movement
Differentiation
Reproduction


Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cardio-
vascular
system
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
Organismal level
Human organisms
are made up of many
organ systems
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Figure 1.1
Similar cells are bound by the matrix! This
could be liquid, solid or semi-solid in
nature.
Ex: Blood-liquid, bone cells-solid
Similar cells bound together by the
matrix are considered TISSUES.
The study of tissues is called Histology.
1- Epithelial- covers body and
organ surfaces, lines body
cavities. Involved in
protection, absorption,
excretion, and secretion.

2- Connective- binds,
supports and protects body
parts.


3- Muscle- Permits
locomotion by moving the
skeleton.

4- Nervous- initiates and
transfers electrical impulses
that coordinate the body
Maintain boundaries
Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion
Break-down and absorption of nutrients
Metabolismchemical reactions within
the body
Produces energy
Makes body structures
Excretion
Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
Reproduction
Produces future generation
Growth
Increases cell size and number of cells
Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions
Water
6080% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Must be appropriate
Figure 1.3
Homeostasismaintenance of a stable
internal environment
A dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis is necessary for normal
body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance
A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in
disease

Figure 1.4
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Receptor (sensor)
Effector
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Response of
effector feeds
back to
influence
magnitude of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostasis
Control
center
Output:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to activate
Figure 1.4, step 1a
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Figure 1.4, step 1b
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Figure 1.4, step 2
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Receptor (sensor)
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Figure 1.4, step 3
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Receptor (sensor)
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Control
center
Figure 1.4, step 4
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Receptor (sensor)
Effector
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Output:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to activate
Control
center
Figure 1.4, step 5
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Receptor (sensor)
Effector
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Response of
effector feeds
back to
influence
magnitude of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostasis
Output:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to activate
Control
center
The body communicates through neural
and hormonal control systems
Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)
Sends information to control center
Control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Provides a means for response to the stimulus

Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its
intensity
Works like a household thermostat
Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
In the body this only occurs in blood clotting
and during the birth of a baby

Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures
Figure 1.5a
Anterior body landmarks
Posterior body landmarks
Figure 1.5b
Table 1.1 (1 of 3)
Table 1.1 (2 of 3)
Table 1.1 (3 of 3)
A sagittal section divides the body (or
organ) into left and right parts
A median, or midsagittal, section divides
the body (or organ) into equal left and
right parts
A frontal section divides the body (or
organ) into anterior and posterior parts
A transverse, or cross, section divides the
body (or organ) into superior and inferior
parts
Figure 1.6
These are computed
tomography scans and
magnetic resonance
images.

These scans are much
more helpful because
they can give both
sagittal and transverse
images as compared to
X-rays which can only be
taken on a vertical
plane.
Dorsal body cavity
Cranial cavity houses the brain
Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
Ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and
others
Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive
system and most urinary system organs
Figure 1.7
Figure 1.8a
Figure 1.8b
Figure 1.8c