[The Constructive Cost Model]

By
G. Gopi Krishna Reddy
COCOMO OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
THE BASIC MODEL
Equations
Limitations
INTERMEDIATE MODEL
ADVANCE MODEL
COCOMO
COCOMO is one of the most widely used
software estimation model in the world.
It was developed by BARRY BOEHM in 1981

COCOMO predicts the effort and schedule for a

software product development based on inputs
relating to the size of the software and a number of
cost drivers that affect productivity
 Types Of Forms
COCOMO
MODEL

Intermediate Advanced
Basic COCOMO
COCOMO COCOMO
COCOMO can be applied to three
classes of software projects.

a) organic mode
- Relative small ,simple software projects.
b) semi-detached mode
- For intermediate software projects.
c) Embedded mode
- A software project that must be developed
within set of hardware , software and operational
constraints.
Basic COCOMO
It is a static-valued model
Computes software development effort as a function of
program size expressed in estimated lines of code.

When to use:
• Basic COCOMO is good for quick, early, rough
order of magnitude estimates of software
costs
Basic Model: Equations
Mode Effort Schedule

1.05 0.38
Organic E=2.4*(KDSI) TDEV=2.5*(E)

1.12 0.35
Semidetached E=3.0*(KDSI) TDEV=2.5*(E)

1.20 0.32
Embedded E=3.6*(KDSI) TDEV=2.5*(E)
Basic COCOMO Model:
Limitations
Its accuracy is necessarily limited because of
its lack of factors which have a significant
influence on software costs
The Basic COCOMO estimates are within a
factor of 1.3 only 29% of the time, and within
a factor of 2 only 60% of the time
Intermediate COCOMO
Computes effort as function of program size and a lost
of cost drivers that include subjective assessment of
product, hardware, personal and project attributes.
When to use:
The Intermediate Model can be applied across the
entire software product for easily and rough cost
estimation during the early stage
or it can be applied at the software product
component level for more accurate cost estimation
in more detailed stages
Intermediate Model: Equations
Mode Effort Schedule

1.05 0.38
Organic E=EAF*3.2*(KDSI) TDEV=2.5*(E)

1.12 0.35
Semi- E=EAF*3.0*(KDSI) TDEV=2.5*(E)
detached

1.20 0.32
Embedded E=EAF*2.8*(KDSI) TDEV=2.5*(E)
Intermediate Model:
Limitations
The Intermediate Model estimates are within
20% of the actuals 68% of the time
Its effort multipliers are phase-insensitive
It can be very tedious to use on a product
with many components
Advanced COCOMO
Incorporates all characteristics of the intermediate version with an
assessment of the cost driver’s impact on each step of the software
engineering process.
When to use :
The Detailed Model can estimate the staffing, cost, and
duration of each of the development phases, subsystems,
modules
It allows you to experiment with different development
strategies, to find the plan that best suits your needs and
resources
Advanced Model: Equations
Detailed Model uses the same equations for
estimations as the Intermediate Model
Detailed Model uses a very complex procedure to
calculate estimation. The procedure uses the DSIs
for subsystems and modules, and module level
and subsystem level effort multipliers as inputs
Advanced Model: Limitations
Requires substantially more time and effort to
calculate estimates than previous models
Detailed Model estimates are within 20% of the
actuals 70% of the time
 Conclusion
It is well documented,available in the public domain and
supported by public domain and commercial tools.
It has been widely used and evaluated in a range of
organizations.