ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Dr. FITRIANI LUMONGGA

Dr. LITA FERIYAWATI



Endocrine System Parts
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid
Parathyroids
Adrenal Glands
Pineal Body
Reproductive Glands

PITUITARY
GLAND


The pituitary gland or hypophysis is a small
gland about 1 centimeter in diameter or the size
of a pea.
It is nearly surrounded by bone as it rests in the
sella turcica, a depression in the sphenoid bone.
The gland is connected to the hypothalamus of
the brain by a slender stalk called the
infundibulum.


There are two distinct regions in the gland:
- the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and
- the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).
The activity of the adenohypophysis is controlled
by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus.
The neurohypophysis is controlled by nerve
stimulation


THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF HYPOPHYSE
is the larger and is somewhat kidney-shaped,
the concavity being directed backward and
embracing the posterior lobe.

It consists of a pars anterior and a pars
intermedia, separated from each other by a
narrow cleft, the remnant of the pouch or
diverticulum.


The pars anterior is extremely vascular and
consists of epithelial cells of varying size and
shape, arranged in cord-like trabecul or alveoli
and separated by large, thin-walled
bloodvessels.

The pars intermedia is a thin lamina closely
applied to the body and neck of the posterior
lobe and extending onto the neighboring parts of
the brain; it contains few bloodvessels and
consists of finely granular cells between which
are small masses of colloid material.


The pineal organ is small, weighing little more
than 0.1 gram and only about 5 to 8 millimeters
long
It lies deep within the brain between the two
cerebral hemispheres and above the third
ventricle of the spinal column.
It has a rich supply of adrenergic nerve fibers
that greatly influence its secretions
THYROID GLAND
(Glandula Thyreoidea)


Unpaired gland very variable , frequently
asymmetrical gland and highly vascular
Location: ant neck at C5-T1, overlays 2
nd

4
th
tracheal rings
Avg width: 12-15 mm (each lobe)
Avg height: 50-60 mm long
Avg weight: 25-30 g in adults (slightly more
in women)
enlarges during menstruation and pregnancy



This gland is found in the neck inferior to (below)
the thyroid cartilage (also known as the Adam's
apple in men) and at approximately the same
level as the cricoid cartilage

The thyroid gland is a butterfly shaped organ and
is composed of two cone-like lobes or wings:
lobus dexter (right lobe) and lobus sinister (left
lobe), and is also connected with the isthmus



The organ is situated on the anterior side of the neck,
lying against and around the larynx and trachea,
reaching posteriorly the oesophagus and carotid
sheath.
It starts cranially at the oblique line on the thyroid
cartilage (just below the laryngeal prominence or
Adam's apple) and extends inferiorly to the fifth or
sixth tracheal ring.
It is difficult to demarcate the gland's upper and lower
border with vertebral levels because it moves
position in relation to these during swallowing.



The thyroid gland is covered by a fibrous sheath, the
capsula glandulae thyroidea, composed of an
internal and external layer.
The external layer is anteriorly continuous with the
lamina pretrachealis fasciae cervicalis and
posteriorolaterally continuous with the carotid
sheath.


The gland is covered :
Anteriorly with infrahyoid muscles
Laterally with the sternocleidomastoid
muscle.
Posteriorly the gland is fixed to the cricoid
and tracheal cartilage and cricopharyngeus
muscle by a thickening of the fascia to form the
posterior suspensory ligament of Berry



The thyroid isthmus is variable in presence and size,
and can encompass a cranially extending pyramid
lobe (lobus pyramidalis or processus pyramidalis),
remnant of the thyroglossal duct.

VASCULAR
ANATOMY
ARTERIAL
VEIN
ARTERIAL, There are three main arteries
supplying the thyroid gland:

Superior Thyroid Artery, a branch of the
external carotid artery
Inferior Thyroid Artery, a branch of the
thyrocervical trunk
Thyroid Ima Artery (occasionaly),
branching directly from the
brachiocephalic trunk
VEIN, There are three main veins draining the
thyroid gland:

Superior Thyroid Veins, draining in the
internal jugular vein
Middle thyroid vein
Inferior Thyroid Veins, draining via the
plexus thyroideus impar in the left
brachiocephalic vein.






The recurrent laryngeal nerve runs either in front of
or behind the inferior thyroid artery and it is
essential to locate this nerve during a
thyroidectomy.
The nerve is paired and arises from the vagus. It
supplies all the muscles of the larynx (except the
cricothyroid)
On the right hand side, the nerve passes behind
the vagus and loops around the subclavian artery.
On the left, the nerve passes around the arch of
the aorta. The nerves pass beneath Berry's
ligament (a thickened area of fascia next to the
trachea) and enter the larynx.

PARATHYROID
GLAND


Usually two on each side (superior and inferior)
Situated on the dorsal surface of the thyroid
gland
Form and size very variable, yellowish-brown
color and have uniform smooth and shining
surface
Length 6-8mm, width 3-4mm, thickness
1,5-2mm
PANCREAS


Pancreas is a mixed gland as it performs both
endocrine and exocrine functions.
Pancreas is an elongated, yellowish gland.
It consists of lobules that secrete pancreatic
juice.
Interspersed at random among the lobules are
Islets of langerhans, which produce hormones.




It presents for examination for a caput, a cauda
and a cauda pancreatis
The caput fills up the concavity of the pars
descendens and pars inferior duodeni and is
intimately united with their walls
Anterior and inferior surfaces are covered by
peritoneum
Ductus pancreaticus wirsungi begins as a delicate
duct in the cauda , extends within the substance of
the gland to the right to the caput and gradually
enlarge as it receives numerous narrow branches
Suprarenal Glands
(Glandulae
Suprarenales)


Two small flat bodies, wich lie directly medial
from and above the kidneys, one on each side
The right is approximately triangular and sits
more upon the upper pole of the kidney
The left approximately sickle-shaped and lies
more upon the margo medial of the kidney
Facies posterior lies loosely upon the pars
lumbalis diaphragmatis
Facies anterior wich is in relation on the right
side with the impressio suprarenalis hepatis and
the v.cava inferior


There are two parts, each of which makes
hormones and has a different function.
The outer part ( Adrenal Cortex)
The inner part (Adrenal Medulla)