Function of Elements in animal cells and plant cells
Elements Animal cells Plant cells Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Synthesis of _____________________ compounds. For example ________________________________________. Synthesis of organic compounds. For example proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Sulphur (S) Component of some _________________________. Component of some proteins. Phosphorus (P) Formation of bones and teeth. / _________________ of muscles / synthesis _____________________ Induces the formation of flowers and _______________. / Promotes cell division. / Synthesis of ATP and nucleic acids. Sodium (Na) Regulates _______________ pressure in the cells. / Helps in the transmission of ___________________________. Not Required. Magnesium (Mg) Involved in protein synthesis. / Act as a _________________ for some enzyme. Required for the synthesis of _________________________. / Activates enzymes in the cells. Required for the formation of strong bones and teeth. / Contraction of muscles cells / Promote blood clotting. Synthesis of cell walls (________________________). / Maintain the semi-permeability of plasma membrane. Iron (Fe) Synthesis of _________________ blood cells / Respiratory enzymes. Synthesis of _______________________. / Act as an electron carrier during photosynthesis and respiration. Required in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses. Synthesis of carbohydrates. / Activates certain enzymes. Chlorine (Cl) Synthesis HCl by gastric glands in the stomach which destroys pathogens and maintains ______________ of the stomach. _______________________ of water during light reaction in photosynthesis. Substance composed of only one kind of atom which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions. Substance which consists of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio. Contain carbon and hydrogen Do not contain carbon and hydrogen Medium of __________________ reactions -digestive reactions such as breaking down of protein, lipids and sugars. High surface tension and ___________ (tent to stick each other) -Water can move in long unbroken columns through the vascular tissue in plants. Water The importance of water in the cell ________ % of our body A polar molecules consists of two _____________ atom dan one _____________ atom.
Structure ___________________ -can dissolve many ionic compounds such as salt and polar molecules (sugar) __________________ Medium -in the blood, lymphatic, excretory & digestive system (transport sugar O 2 , CO 2 ) Maintain __________________ balance and ______________ -maintain the stable internal environment within a living organism. ____________________ -support the structure of a cell (90% of the protoplasm is made up of water) Maintain ___________________ ____________ and _______________ -Provides moisture to respiratory surfaces (alveoli) -Mucus assist the movement of food substances in the intestinal tract. Nucleic Acids
are 2 types structure structure function function Draw the structure functions Complex macromolecules which store _______ _________________ in the form of code. A __________-stranded nucleic acid, with the two strands of polynucleotides twisted around each other to form a _________________________ Found in nucleus of a cell. Genetic material that organisms ____________ from their parents. Store information regarding its own replication and the order in which amino acids are linked to make a protein. ____________ - stranded nucleic acid. Found in the cytoplasm, ribosomes and nucleus. _________________________ carries DNAs genetic code into the cytoplasm and directs the synthesis of proteins. Protein Main function Elements 2 X Equation Long chain 2 types Plant protein Animal protein 2 classes Amino acids that cannot be synthesised by the body. Can only be obtained from a healthy diet. Amino acids that can be synthesised by the body. (contain all the essential amino acids) (do not contain all the essential amino acids) Linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain Polypeptide chain that is coiled to form alpha-helix or folded into beta-pleated. The helix chains or beta-pleated sheets are folded into a 3D shape of polypeptide chain. Hormones, enzymes, plasma protein, antibodies Two or more tertiary structure polypeptide chains are arranged to form a large and complex protein molecule. monomer Carbohydrates Elements Main function Simple sugar C 6 H 12 O 6
combine with proteins and lipids to form ________ & ______ respectively characteristics characteristics characteristics 3 types 3 types 3 types Genaral Equation 3 types Equation _______________ sugar / complex sugars. Consists of 2 _____________ joined together through condensation Sucrose Hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked through _________________ to form a long chain of molecules. ___________________ in water Do not taste sweet. Do not crystallise. Lipids Main function Elements Fats Oils Main component of plasma membrane Fatty acids Equation plant animal structure 5 main types _________ at room temperature ___________ at room temperature Long chain molecules / water proof. Found on the ____________ of the epidermis of leaves, fruits and seeds of some plants. ____________ that is excreted from oil glands in the skin contains wax that soften the skin. Major component in plasma membrane. Male sex hormone. Female sex hormones. The Differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats Saturated Fats Differences Unsaturated Fats The presence of double bonds between carbon atoms in fatty acids Ability to react with an additional hydrogen atom
Condition at room temperature
Cholesterol level
Examples
Element Compound Examples Function of Elements in animal cells and plant cells Elements Animal cells Plant cells C, H, O, N Synthesis of organic compounds. For example proteins, lipids and nucleic acids S Component of some proteins P Formation of bones and teeth. / Contraction of muscles / synthesis ATP Induces the formation of flowers and seeds. / Promotes cell division. / Synthesis of ATP and nucleic acids. Na Regulates osmotic pressure in the cells. / Helps in the transmission of nerve impulses. Not Required Mg Involved in protein synthesis. / Act as a cofactor for some enzyme. Required for the synthesis of chlorophyll. / Activates enzymes in the cells. Ca Required for the formation of strong bones and teeth. / Contraction of muscles cells / Promote blood clotting. Synthesis of cell walls (Cellulose). / Maintain the semi- permeability of plasma membrane. Fe Synthesis of red blood cells / Respiratory enzymes. Synthesis of chlorophyll. / Act as an electron carrier during photosynthesis and respiration. K Required in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses. Synthesis of carbohydrates. / Activates certain enzymes. Cl Synthesis HCl by gastric glands in the stomach which destroys pathogens and maintains pH of the stomach. Photolysis of water during light reaction in photosynthesis. Substance composed of only one kind of atom which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions. Substance which consists of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio. Organic compounds Inorganic compounds Contain carbon Not contain carbon Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids Water High surface tension and cohesion (tent to stick each other) -Water can move in long unbroken columns through the vascular tissue in plants. Water The importance of water in the cell 70-90% of our body A polar molecules consists of 2 hidrogen atom & 1 oxygen atom
Structure Cell, lymph, blood plasma and interstitial fluid. Medium of biochemical reactions -digestive reactions such as breaking down of protein, lipids and sugars. Solvent -can dissolve many ionic compounds such as salt and polar molecules (sugar) Transport Medium -in the blood, lymphatic, excretory & digestive system (transport sugar O 2 , CO 2 ) Maintain osmotic balance and turgidity -maintain the stable internal environment within a living organism. Support -support the structure of a cell (90% of the protoplasm is made up of water) Maintain body temperature Moisture and lubrication -Provides moisture to respiratory surfaces (alveoli) -Mucus assist the movement of food substances in the intestinal tract. Nucleic Acids
are DNA RNA 2 types structure structure function function structure functions Complex macromolecules which store genetic information in the form of code. nucleotides A double-stranded nucleic acid, with the two strands of polynucleotides twisted around each other to form a double helix. Found in nucleus of a cell. Genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents. Store information regarding its own replication and the order in which amino acids are linked to make a protein. Single-stranded nucleic acid. Found in the cytoplasm, ribosomes and its nucleus. Messenger RNA carries DNAs genetic code into the cytoplasm and directs the synthesis of proteins. Transmission of genetic information. Store genetic information Protein Main function Elements Amino acids 2 X equation Long chain 2 types Plant protein Animal protein 2 classes Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. Most proteins also contain sulphur and phosphorus. dipeptide polypeptide Essential amino acids (20) Non-essential amino acids (11) Amino acids that cannot be synthesised by the body. Can only be obtained from a healthy diet. Amino acids that can be synthesised by the body. First class protein (contain all the essential amino acids) Second class protein (do not contain all the essential amino acids) Linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain Polypeptide chain that is coiled to form alpha-helix or folded into beta-pleated. The helix chains or beta-pleated sheets are folded into a 3D shape of polypeptide chain. Hormones, enzymes, plasma protein, antibodies Two or more tertiary structure polypeptide chains are arranged to form a large and complex protein molecule. Build new cells for growth and renew damaged tissues and store energy. Carbohydrates Elements Main function Simple sugar C 6 H 12 O 6
combine with proteins and lipids to form ________ & ______ respectively characteristics characteristics characteristics 3 types 3 types 3 types formula 3 types Equation Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Ratio of H and O is 2 : 1 Glucose (grape sugar) Fructose (in fruits / honey) Galactose (in milk) Double sugar / complex sugars. Consists of 2 monosaccharides joined together through condensation Sucrose Hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked through condensation to form a long chain of molecules. Insoluble in water Do not taste sweet. Do not crystallise. Lipids Main function Elements Fats Oils Waxes Steroids Main component of plasma membrane Fatty acids Equation plant animal structure Cholesterol Testosterone Oestrogen, progesteron 5 main types Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Solid at room temperature liquid at room temperature Long chain molecules / water proof. Found on the cuticles of the epidermis of leaves, fruits and seeds of some plants. Sebum that is excreted from oil glands in the skin contains wax that soften the skin. Source of energy and energy storage. Major component in plasma membrane. Male sex hormone. Female sex hormones. The Differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats Saturated Fats Differences Unsaturated Fats Do not have any double bonds. The presence of double bonds between carbon atoms in fatty acids Have at least one double bond between the carbon atoms. Cannot form any chemical bonds with other atoms or react with additional hydrogen atoms. Ability to react with an additional hydrogen atom Able to react with additional hydrogen atoms. (with one double bond are called monounsaturated fats) Solid Condition at room temperature Liquid Contain more cholesterol. Cholesterol level Contain less cholesterol Animal fats like butter Examples Vegetable oils like corn oil and palm oil.