Definition

History
Components of Elevators
How Elevators work?
Types of Elevators
Classification
Design Consideration
Control & Safety Devices
Modern Elevator

DEFINITION
An elevator (lift in British English) is a
type of vertical transport equipment
that efficiently moves people or
goods between floors
(levels, decks) of a building, vessel,
or other structure.
History
ELISHA GRAVES
OTIS
History
Components
The standard elevators will include the
following basic components:

1.Car
2.Hoistway
3.Machine/drive system
4.Safety system
5.Control System
The vehicle that travels between the different
elevator stops carrying passengers and/or goods.
usually A heavy steel frame surrounding a cage of
metal and wood panels.
The number of passengers shall be
obtained from the formula:

Number of passengers = rated load /75

*Where 75 represent the average weight of
a person in Kg.
3 TYPES:
Components
FIRST: ELEVATOR
CAR
The Standard Elevators Layouts: Standard elevators can be arranged in
the following four layouts:
Arrangement (A): Car with side
opening door and the
counterweight is located at the
back wall.
Arrangement (B): Car with
central opening door and the
counterweight is located at the
back wall.
Components
FIRST: ELEVATOR
CAR
Arrangement (C): Car with side
opening door and the
counterweight is located at one
side.
Arrangement (D): Car with
central opening door and the
counterweight is located at one
side.
The space enclosed by fireproof walls and
elevator doors for the travel of one or more
elevators, dumbwaiters or material lifts.
Components
SECOND: HOISTWAY
Roping system
Components
SECOND: HOISTWAY
ELECTRIC TRACTION MACHINE ABOVE AND BELOW
Components
SECOND: HOISTWAY
Driving machine, this is the power unit of
the elevator, and usually located at the
elevator machine room.
The Driving machine used to refer to the
collection of components that raise or
lower the elevator.

These include the drive motor, brake,
speed reduction unit, sheaves and
encoders.
Components
THIRD: ELEVATOR MACHINE & DRIVE
SYSTEM
Layout of Elevator Safety System
Components
FOURTH: SAFETY SYSTEM
The system responsible for
coordinating all aspects of
elevator service such as
travel, speed, and
accelerating, decelerating,
door opening speed and
delay, levelling and hall
lantern signals.
Simple Elevator Control System Inputs and Outputs
It accepts INPUTS
(e.g. button signals)
and produces
OUTPUTS (elevator
cars moving, doors
opening, etc.).
Components
FIFTH: ELEVATOR CONTROL SYSTEM
SAMPLE VIDEO
How does it work?
SHEAVE
SUSPENSION ROPE
COUNTERWEIGHT and
COUNTERWEIGHT
GUIDERAILS
GUIDERAILS
CALL BUTTONS
SENSORS
HOW ELEVATOR WORKS?: BASIC PARTS

BREAKS
GOVERNOR
TO HOIST
MECHANISM:
TO BUILDING
HEIGHT:
TO BUILDING
TYPE:
TO
ELEVATOR
LOCATION
TO
SPECIAL
USES
1. Traction
Geard
Gear-less
2. Hydraulic
Plunger/
Holed
hole-less
Roped
3. Climbing
4. Pneumatic

A- Low-Rise
buildings

B- Mid-Rise
buildings

C- High-
Rise buildings

1. Hospital
2. Residential
/Domestic
3. Agricultural
4. Industrial
5. Commercial
6. Parking
buildings
A- Outdoor
Elevators
A.1 Observation
elevator
A.2 Incline
Elevators
A.3 Platform
Elevators
A.4 Freight
Elevators
B- Indoor elevators
A- Handicap
Elevators
B- Grain Elevators
C- Double-deck
elevator
D- Sky Lobby
F- Limited use /
limited
application (LU/LA)
ELEVATOR TYPES
(ACCORDING TO: )
Types of Elevator
1. Passenger
2. Freight
3. Special Service
Classification
1.) TRACTION ELEVATOR
gearless
geared
2.) HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR
Holed
hole-less
roped
3.) CLIMBING ELEVATOR
4.) PNEUMATIC ELEVATOR
Types of Elevator
ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
TRACTION
HYDRAULIC
CLIMBING
PNEUMATIC
TRACTION
GEARED & GEARLESS
Types of Elevator
ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Traction elevators are raised and
lowered through the elevator shaft by
cables operated by electric motors.
Guide Rails
Counterweigh
t
Buffers
Car Frame &
Safety
Hoistway Door
Door Operator
Car
Machine Room
HOW DOES IT
WORK?
Elevator cars are pulled
up by means of rolling
steel ropes over a deeply
grooved pulley,
commonly called a
sheave in the industry.
The weight of the car is
balanced by a
counterweight.
Sometimes two elevators
are built so that their
cars always move
synchronously in
opposite directions, and
are each other's
counterweight.

Nowadays, some
traction elevators are
using flat steel belts
instead of conventional
steel ropes. Flat steel
belts are extremely light
due to its carbon fiber
core and a high-friction
coating, and does not
require any oil or
lubricant. Because of
these qualities, elevator
energy consumption in
high-rise buildings can
be cut significantly.
TRACTION
GEARED & GEARLESS
ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
25
Traction Changes
Geared
Gearless
COMPONENTS
Traction Elevator
car
cables
elevator machine
controls
counterweight
hoistway
rails
penthouse
pit

TRACTION
GEARED & GEARLESS
ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
COMPONENTS
TRACTION
GEARED & GEARLESS
ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
Machine room
8-6 minimum clear

Bottom of Beam
(OH)
17-6 206

Travel
number of floors

Pit (P)
10-1 11-5
TRACTION
GEARED & GEARLESS
ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
Rise Limitations: ~ 300 feet (Geared)
unlimited (Gearless)

Cost: $150,000 - $200,000 (Geared) : $200,000 + (Gearless)

Speeds: 350 - 500 fpm (Geared) : 500 - 1800+
(Gearless)

Advantages of Gearless:
smoother
approx. twice machine life
HYDRAULIC
HOLED, HOLE-LESS & ROPED
ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
20
Hydraulic Code Changes
Holeless Hydraulic Holed Hydraulic Roped Hydraulic
Consists of three
parts:
Tank
Pump
Valve


The car is moved up and down using a fluid piston
mounted inside a cylinder
SAMPLE VIDEO
HYDRAULIC
HOLED, HOLE-LESS & ROPED
ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
Hydraulic elevator systems lift
a car using a hydraulic ram, a
fluid-driven piston mounted
inside a cylinder.

HYDRAULIC
HOLED, HOLE-LESS & ROPED
ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
HOW DOES IT
WORK?
HYDRAULIC
HOLED
ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
Guide Rails
Plunger &
Cylinder
Controller &
Pumping Unit
To & From Oil
Pipe
Hoistway
Door
Door
Operator
Rise Limitations: ~ 60
feet
Speeds: 100/125/150 fpm
Cost: $35 - $85K
Advantages:
low cost
no penthouse
no structural load on
building
Disadvantages
slow
energy inefficient
HYDRAULIC
HOLELESS
ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
Controller &
Pumping Unit
To & From Oil
Pipe
Plungers &
Cylinders
Guide Rails
Hoistway
Door
Door
Operator
Rise Limitations: 20 feet
Speeds: 100/125 fpm
Cost: $35 - $45K
Advantages:
no well hole
minimizes
environmental
contamination
Disadvantages:
limited travel
HYDRAULIC
ROPED
ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
Rise Limitations: 60 feet
Cost: $45k - $75k
Speeds: 100 - 125 - 150 fpm
Advantages:
Eliminates well hole
Same 60 travel range as holed
hydro
Existing Building
Disadvantages:
More costly than conventional holed
hydraulic
HYDRAULIC
HOLED, HOLE-LESS & ROPED
ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
COMPONENT
S
Hydraulic
car
plunger/piston/jack
elevator machine
controls
hoistway
rails
penthouse/headway
pit

HYDRAULIC
HOLED, HOLE-LESS & ROPED
ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
COMPONENT
S
Machine room
7-9 minimum clear

Bottom of Beam
(OH)
12-0 123

Pit (P)/Plunger
4-0
Travel +2-6
CLIMBING
ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
They hold their own power
device on them, mostly
electric or combustion engine.
Climbing elevators are often
used in work and construction
areas.
PNEUMATIC
ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
Pneumatic elevators are raised
and lowered by controlling air
pressure in a chamber in which
the elevator sits.
Matanglawin to
PNEUMATIC
ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
TRIVIA
A rendering of the Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre
China to Get the World's
Fastest Elevators: 95 Floors
in 43 Seconds

ACCORDING TO BUILDING
HEIGHT
Types of Elevator
A- Low-Rise buildings
typically use hydraulic elevators
because
of their lower initial cost

B- Mid-Rise buildings
typically use Geared Traction
Elevators

C- High-Rise buildings
typically use Gear-Less Traction
Elevators

ACCORDING TO BUILDING TYPE
Types of Elevator
1- Hospital Elevators
2- Residential /Domestic Elevators
ACCORDING TO BUILDING TYPE
Types of Elevator
3. Agricultural applications: 4- Industrial Elevators 5- Parking Elevators
ACCORDING TO BUILDING TYPE
Types of Elevator
6- Commercial Elevators
A- Commercial passenger elevators
B- Freight elevators
C- Commercial Dumbwaiter
ACCORDING TO ELEVATOR
LOCATION
Types of Elevator
A- Outdoor Elevators
Common types of outdoor elevators are cargo elevators, platform elevators, and incline and vertical
elevators.
A.1 Observation elevator
A.2 Incline Elevators
A.3 Freight Elevators
B- Indoor Elevators
ACCORDING TO SPECIAL USE
Types of Elevator
A- Handicap Elevators
B- Grain Elevators
C- Double-deck elevator
ACCORDING TO SPECIAL USE
Types of Elevator
D- Sky Lobby
F- Limited use / limited application (LU/LA)
Classification
1. Passenger A passenger elevator is designed to move people between a building's floors.




2. Freight A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather
thanpassengers.





Classification
3. Special Service
Sidewalk elevators

Stage lifts


Vehicle elevators


Boat lift

Residential elevator


Paternoster


Rack-and-pinion elevator

Design Considerations
Design Considerations


Key-operated elevators should be used only in private facilities or when an elevator operator is present.
Wide elevator cabs are preferable to long ones.


The minimum internal elevator dimensions, allowing for one wheelchair passenger alone, are 1.00 m x 1.30
m
The door opening should not be less than 0.80 m.
The inside of the elevator should have a handrail on three sides mounted 0.80 to 0.85 m from the floor
The accessible elevator should serve all floors normally reached by the public.

Control panel
The control panel can be mounted at one of the alternative locations shown in figure 3.
For ease of reach, the control panel should be mounted 0.90 m to 1.20 m from the floor
Design Considerations
The numerals on the floor selector buttons should be embossed so as to be easily
identifiable by touch.
Control buttons should be in an accessible location and illuminated. Their diameter should
be no smaller than 20 mm.
Call buttons
For ease of reach, call buttons should be mounted 0.90 m to 1.20 m from the floor
Design Considerations
Floor identifiers
Tactile numerals should be placed on both sides
of the door jambs at an approximate height of
1.50 m to help a lone sightless passenger to
identify the floor reached








Hall signal
The elevator hall signal should be placed at an
approximate height of 1.80 m

Door re-opening activators
The door opening interval should be no less
than five seconds. Re-opening activators should
be provided.
Design Considerations
Audiovisual signals
The elevator should signal arrival at each floor by means of a bell and a light to alert
sightless and hearing-impaired passengers simultaneously.
Colour
The colour of the elevator door should
contrast with the surrounding surface so as
to be easily distinguishable by person with
visual impairments.
Floor surface
The floor of the elevator and the
area in front of the elevator on
each floor should have a non skid
resilient surface or a low-pile fixed
carpet.
Design Considerations
Doors
single slide (24-36)
center opening (42-60)
two-speed, side opening (42)
two-speed, center opening (60)
Design Considerations
Planning guide
Four Car Group
Three Car Group
ELEVATOR GROUPINGS
Six Car Group
Eight Car Group
ELEVATOR ZONING
Control & Safety Devices
When engaged, emergency
elevator brakes wedge up
against the rails guiding the
elevator car, slowing it to a stop.
When the elevator car is in the
correct position, the door
operating system unlocks and
pulls open both the car doors
and the elevator shaft doors.

CONTROL & SAFETY DEVICE
The elevator system
can respond to
signals from other
building systems to
add calls, control
access, and change
elevator operating
modes.
Telephones or similar two-
way communication devices
are installed inside elevator
cars
for emergencies.
Inputs from access control systems
can be used by elevator controllers to
anticipate waiting passengers and
automatically call elevators to certain
floors.
Elevator controllers
are connected to
numerous elevator-
specific control
devices to operate
the elevator system
independently.
Call buttons are the typical
method for passengers to
select their desired travel
direction or floor.
In emergency fire situations, the fire alarm control panel signals to
the elevator controller to recall the elevator car(s) to a
designated floor.
Phase two fire service mode
functions are activated by a
keyswitch, typically inside the
elevator car.
Access control systems
can be used to admit only
authorized personnel to
elevators serving secure
building areas.
Elevators can be used to control
access to certain areas of a building
by either controlling the access to the
elevator or controlling where the
elevator can stop.
Martanglawin to
One of the "must sees" of St.
Louis, Missouri, is the
Gateway Arch.
SLANT ELEVATORS
To go to the top of the Arch,
passengers in groups of five
enter an egg-shaped
compartment containing five
seats and a flat floor. Eight
compartments are linked
to form a train. These
compartments individually
retain an appropriate level by
periodically rotating every 5
degrees, which allows them
to maintain the correct
orientation while the entire
train follows curved tracks
up one leg of the arch. The
trip to the top of the Arch
takes four minutes, and the
trip back down takes three
minutes. The car doors have
narrow glass panes, allowing
passengers to see the interior
stairways and structure of
the Arch during the trip
This controversial 326
metre high elevator takes
you up the side of one of the
many enormous cliffs in
Zhangjiajie, China
The elevator inside
the louvre, paris,