1.

Compare the reactions of

sodium and potassium in
water.
2. Why do you think that they
reacted similarly?

 Click for Sodium and Potassium Movie

2 2
The Periodic Table
Groups or families are vertical columns in the periodic table

The zig- zag line separates metals

from non-metals
Group or

family Period

With the discovery of isotopes by Mosley in 1909, the Periodic

Table was reorganized by increasing atomic number (number
of protons).
3 3
 Atomic Number
= # protons
(+)

Symbol
11
Energy
Level
P+
Na filling N
2
8
22.998 18
32

Atomic Mass = Mass #

(rounded)= protons +
neutrons
Sodium contains how many of the following?
Atomic # Mass # Protons Neutrons Electrons
 How many protons and electrons are found in an atom of Chlorine?

 How many neutrons are found in an atom of Sodium (Na) that has a mass
number of 23 amu?

 What happens to an atom when you add another proton?

 How can you change the mass number of an atom of sodium?

5 5
 These are the electrons found in the last level of an atom.

 They are the MOST important electrons in determining the reactivity of

an atom.

 Elements with the same number of valence electrons will react similarly.
 As a rule elements in the same group have the same number of valence
electrons.

 For example: Hydrogen, Lithium, Sodium etc all have 1 valence

electron.
 GROUPS 1A – 8A GIVE THE # OF VALENCE ELECTRONS

6 6
 Lithium is #3 in the periodic table. So it has THREE
electrons.
 As we had stated before two electrons are in first level,
leaving ONE electron in level 2.
 So Lithium has ONE valence electron.

7 7
 How many electrons are there in an atom of Sulfur (S)?

 How many valence electrons are found in an atom of Sulfur?

 Name an element that would have similar chemical properties to

Sulfur.

Click here for: Graphing Lab #2

Click here: Post Lab Clip

8 8
 Metals lose their valence electrons to form cations
 Cations = positive. (Cat’s whiskers)

Click here for: Cation clip

 Nonmetals will gain enough electrons to form anions. They will

take as many electrons they need to get 8 valence electrons.
 Anions = negative (An means to negate)

Click here for: Anion clip

9 9
Which chemical group……
1. Reacts with water to form basic solutions
2. Readily combines in nature to form other compounds
3. Loses 2 outer energy level electrons to form +2 ions

Trahn’s card describes which group on the periodic

table?
F. Group 1
G. Group 2
H. Group 16
I. Group 18 FCAT Science Sample Test Book 2007
11 11
Julio is given an unknown element to study. After carefully analyzing
his element he arrives at the following conclusions.
His element has a very low density and when it reacts with other
elements it gains 3 electrons to form an anion with a -3 charge.

In which of the following groups could we find Julio’s element?

A) Group 3
B) Group 5
C) Group 13
D) Group 15

12
3. Suppose a scientist makes an unexpected discovery about the
possible existence of a new element. The finding does not fit well
with the initial hypothesis. The scientist is a member of a team of
researchers. If the team behaves according to the best principles
of scientific inquiry, which of the following would NOT occur?

A) rejection of the finding as being impossible.

B) willingness to repeat the studies that led to the finding for
confirmation.
C) urging the scientist to communicate findings to other
researchers.
D) insistence on reviewing all data carefully and systematically
for any errors.

13