Gopal Singh

Assist. Professor
SGRD CON
Amritsar
Credentials and Background of the
Theorist
The Nightingale of Modern Nursing
Modern-Day Mother of Nursing.
Born in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1897
She attended the U.S. Army School of Nursing
Credentials and Background of the
Theorist.
Subsequently, she joined Columbia as a member of
the faculty, where she remained until 1948.
Her most important writing, Principles and Practice
of Nursing.
Honor Society of Nursing named their library in
honor of her contributions
Died: March 19, 1996



Sources of Hendersons definition of
Nursing

First, she participated in the revision of a
nursing textbook.
Second, she was concerned that many states
had no provision for nursing licensure to
ensure safe and competent care for the
consumer.



Sources of Hendersons definition of
Nursing ..

Official statements on the nursing function were
published by the American Nurses Association(ANA)
in 1932 and 1937.

Henderson viewed these statements as nonspecific
and unsatisfactory definitions of nursing practice.


Sources of Hendersons definition of
Nursing ..

Individual care is evident in that she stressed
assisting individuals.
She proposed 14 components of basic
nursing care to augment her definition.
In 1955, Hendersons first definition of nursing
was published in Bertha Harmers revised
nursing textbook.


Henderson's Definition of Nursing
The unique function of nurse is to assist the
individual, sick or well, in the performance of
those activities contributing to health or its
recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the necessary strength,
will or knowledge. And to this in such a way as to
help him gain independence as rapidly as
possible.

Values & Beliefs
She strongly believed in "getting inside the
skin" of her patients in order to know what he
or she needs. The nurse should be the
substitute for the patient, helper to the patient
and partner with the patient.


Values & Beliefs
Like she said...
The nurse is temporarily the consciousness of the
unconscious
The love of life for the suicidal
The leg of the amputee
The eyes of the newly blind
A means of locomotion for the infant
The knowledge and confidence for the young
mother


14 components of Basic Nursing
Care
1. Breathe normally.
2. Eat and drink adequately.
3. Eliminate body wastes.
14 components of Basic Nursing
Care.
4. Move and maintain desirable postures.

5. Sleep and rest.
6. Select suitable clothes-dress and undress.


14 components of Basic Nursing
Care.
7. Maintain body temperature
8. Keep the body clean and well
groomed and protect the
integument
9. Avoid dangers in the environment
and avoid injuring others.

14 components of Basic Nursing
Care.
10.Communicate with others in
expressing emotions, needs, fears, or
opinions.
11.Worship according to ones faith.
12. Work in such a way that there is a
sense of accomplishment.

14 components of Basic Nursing
Care.
13.Play or participate in various
forms of recreation.

14.Learn, discover, or satisfy the
curiosity that leads to normal
development and health and use
the available health facilities

Physiological
Psychosocial
Spiritual
Occupational
Major Concepts
Patient
Have basic needs that are component of health.
Requiring assistance to achieve health and
independence or a peaceful death.
Mind and body are inseparable and
interrelated.
Considers biological, psychological,
sociological, and spiritual components



Environment
Healthy individuals may be able to control the
environment, but illness may interfere with
that ability.
Nurses should protect patients from
mechanical injury.
Nurses should minimize the chances of injury
through recommendations


Doctors use nurses observations and judgment
as the base their prescriptions for protective
devices.
Nurses must know about social customs and
religious practice to assess dangers.

Health
Health is a quality of life.
Health is basic to human functioning.
Health requires independence and
interdependence.
Promotion of health is more important than care
of the sick.
Individual will achieve or maintain health if they
have the necessary strength, will or knowledge.


Nursing
Temporarily assisting an individual who lacks
the necessary strength, will and knowledge to
satisfy 1 or more of 14 basic needs.
Assists and supports the individual in life
activities and the attainment of independence.
Nurse serves to make patient complete
whole", or "independent.

The nurse is knowledgeable in both biological
and social sciences.
The nurse function as a member of a medical
team.
Nurse should have knowledge to practice
individualized and human care and should be a
scientific problem solver.


Henderson and Nursing Process
Henderson views the nursing process as
really the application of the logical approach
to the solution of a problem.
Nursing process stresses the science of
nursing rather than the mixture of science and
art on which it seems effective health care
service of any kind is based.


Nursing Process Hendersons 14 components and
definition of nursing
Nursing Assessment Compare data to knowledge base of health
and disease.
Nursing Diagnosis

Identify individuals ability to meet own
needs with or without assistance,
Nursing plan Document how the nurse can assist the
individual, sick or well.
Nursing implementation Assist the sick or well individual to
maintain health or recover from illness
Nursing evaluation Successful outcomes of nursing care are
based on the speed with which or degree to
which the patient performs independently
the activities of daily living.

Characterstics of Nursing
Theory

Theories can interrelate concepts in such a way
as to create a different way of looking at a
particular phenomenon.
Theories must be logical in nature.
Her definition and components are logical and
the 14 components are a guide for the
individual and nurse in reaching the chosen
goal.



Theories should be relatively simple yet
generalizable.
Her work can be applied to the health of
individuals of all ages.
Theories can be the bases for hypotheses that
can be tested.
Her definition of nursing cannot be viewed as
theory; therefore, it is impossible to generate
testable hypotheses.


Her ideas of nursing practice are well accepted
throughout the world as a basis for nursing
care.
However, the impact of the definition and
components has not been established through
research.


Theoretical Assertions

The Nurse Patient Relationship
Three levels comprising the nurse patient
relationship can be identified, ranging from
very dependent to a quite independent
relationship

Substitute
Helper
Partner
The Nurse-Physician Relationship
The care plan, formulated by both the nurse
and patient, must be implemented in such a
way as to promote the physicians prescribed
therapeutic plan.
Henderson stressed that nurses do not follow
doctors orders

The Nurse As A Member Of The Healthcare
Team
The nurse works in interdependence with other
healthcare professionals
Henderson stated no one of the team should
make such heavy demands on another member


NURSE
PATIENT AND
FAMILY
PHYSICIAN
ANAESTHETIC
Patient
and
Family
Physician
Nurse
Applications
Practice
The nurse can help the patient move to an
independent state by

Provide a rationale for collecting reliable and
valid data about the health status of clients
Help build a common nursing terminology to
use in communicating with other health
professionals

Education
Provide a general focus for curriculum design
3 phases of curriculum development

Research
Research questions arise from each of the 14
components of basic nursing care.
Henderson concluded no profession,
occupation or industry in this age can evaluate
adequately or improve it practice without
research
Offer a framework for generating knowledge
and new ideas.




Strengths
Nursing education has been deeply affected by
Hendersons clear vision of the functions of
nurses.
It is broad in scope.


Weaknesses
No concept of the holistic nature of human
being.
Lack of conceptual linkage between
physiological and other human characteristics.
Lacks inter-relate of factors and the influence
of nursing care.


References
Ann Marriner Tomey; Nursing Theorists and
their Works; 5th edition; 2002; Page no.98-107
Malanie M and Evelyn m Willa; Theoritical
basis for nursing; 2nd Ed 2007 page no.137-
140
Kozier nad erbs;Fundamental of nursing,8
th

ed;page no.43-44.



Marilyn P; Nursing theories and nursing practice,
2001, page no.143-149
Anne H and John R; A tribute to Virginia
Henderson; Advances in nursing science; 1996
Sep 19(1) 1-2
Edward j Halloran; Virginia Henderson and her
timeless timings; journal of advanced nursing;
2006 May, page no. 17-24
Excellence in Nursing; American journal of
nursing; 1990 Apr.Page no.76-77
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