RESPIRATION

1
What is Respiration?
a process of oxidizing food to release energy
inside cells
Respiration
reactions are catalyzed by enzymes
main food substance which oxidized in cells is
glucose
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2

enzymes


6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O


+ energy


as it takes place in all living cells, it is called
cellular respiration which is used to produce
energy for cells to use
Uses of the Energy Released
during Respiration
Human
Other Animals Plants
produce light
in fireflies
muscle
contraction
absorb
mineral salts
by active
transport
keep warm
produce sound
in some birds
transport food
substances
absorb food by
active transport
produce smell in
some mammals
WHAT IS ATP?
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Energy used by all Cells
Adenosine Triphosphate
Organic molecule containing high-
energy Phosphate bonds
ADP
+ energy
(from breakdown
of glucose)
+ phosphate
ATP
ATP is a high-energy compound while ADP is a
low-energy one
ATP can only store energy for a short period
ATP is made inside organelles, mitochondria,
which is scattered in the cytoplasm of a cell
EQUATION FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION

C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
+ 6H
2
O 6CO
2
+ 12H
2
O +
energy
(glucose)
(ATP)


1 mole glucose 36 ATP
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ATP
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3 Phosphates
Ribose Sugar
Adenine Base
WHAT DOES ATP DO FOR YOU?
It supplies YOU with ENERGY!

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HOW DO WE GET ENERGY FROM
ATP?
By breaking
the high-
energy bonds
between the
last two
phosphates
in ATP
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WHAT IS THE PROCESS CALLED?
HYDROLYSIS (Adding H
2
O)
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H
2
O
Glycolysis: Derived from Greek words;

Glykys = Sweet, Lysis = splitting
During this process one molecule of glucose (6 carbon
molecule) is degraded into two molecules of pyruvate (three
carbon molecule).

Free energy released in this process is stored as 2 molecules
of ATP, and 2 molecules of NADH.




Aerobic Respiration : Glycolysis
Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
glucose Glycolysis
ATP

ADP
glucose-6-phosphate
Phosphoglucose Isomerase
fructose-6-phosphate
ATP

ADP
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone-phosphate
Triosephosphate
Isomerase
Glycolysis continued
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerate Kinase
Enolase
Pyruvate Kinase
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
NAD
+
+ P
i

NADH + H
+

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
ADP
ATP
3-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoglycerate Mutase
2-phosphoglycerate

H
2
O
phosphoenolpyruvate
ADP
ATP
pyruvate
Glycolysis
continued.
Recall that
there are 2
GAP per
glucose.
SYNTHESIS OF ACETYL-COA
The two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid above) result in:

Two molecules of __________
Two molecules of _____ (This is what generates carbon dioxide that you breathe out.)
Two molecules of ______ (electron carrier)

KREBS CYCLE (A.K.A CITRIC ACID CYCLE)
Acetyl-CoA--


The two molecules of
Acetyl Co-A result in:

Two molecules of

Two molecules of ________
(electron carrier)

Six molecules of ________
(electron carrier)

Four molecules of _______
(This is what generates carbon
dioxide you breathe out.)
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
Most of the ATP made in
cellular respiration comes
from the stepwise release
of energy through a series
of redox reactions between
molecules known as the
electron transport chain (ETC).



Must occur in a membrane. The ETC is located in cristae of __________ in
eukaryotes.



Three main events important in the ETCs generation of ATP:
1. ______________________
2. ______________________
3. ______________________

ELECTRON
TRANSPORT

1. ________________

The electron carriers
(NADH and FADH
2
) bring
electrons and protons (H+)
to the ETC.

Carrier molecules in the
membrane of the
mitochondria pass
electrons from one to
another and ultimately to
final electron acceptor.
Images: Mitochondrion diagram M. Ruiz
Electron transport chain, Tim Vickers From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

ELECTRON
TRANSPORT

2. _____________________

Energy from each electron
being passed down the
chain is used to pump
protons (H+) from one side
of the membrane to the
other.

Proton gradient = type of
____________ (difference in
ion concentration on either side of a
membrane) potential energy
available for work in cell.


Image: Electron transport chain, Tim Vickers

ELECTRON
TRANSPORT

3. ________________

H
+
ions flow down
proton gradient
through protein
channels (ATP
synthase) that
phosphorylate ADP to
make ATP.

Image: Electron transport chain, Tim Vickers

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