Module 3

Bring news articles about our

country.
Showing the present situation
in our economy, politics and
culture
The Civic Welfare Training Service Program
as an Option of the Colegio de San Juan de
Letran

Introduction

Where can we start? How can we begin to make an impact to our
country? Recognizing that there are factors to consider to effect
community change, we have to understand the situation of society we
are part of.

The Philippines, just like any other country, is characterized by
complexity. But social scientists have devised ways on how we can
understand our country through the use of a social analysis tool, the
EPC. The EPC technique will YOU, as students to have an overview of
the Philippine situation and the community where they belong.

Activity 5 - Newspaper Analysis
The Newspaper Analysis uses the EPC technique. Newspaper
accounts are used in an attempt to dissect issues.
By analyzing the issues discussed in newspapers using the EPC
technique, the students can get a clearer picture of the present
situation of the community.
1. Divide the class into groups of 5-10 members.
2. Each group will identify and discuss pressing and urgent
issues, local and national.
3. Focus questions are provided in Table I to define the limits of
the discussion.
4. Each group reports their discussion.


ECONOMIC


POLITICAL

CULTURAL
What effects do the issue have
on the means production,
patterns of distribution and
consumption of goods and
services?
Who makes the decisions?
Who benefits from the
decisions? Who bears the
cost of the decisions?
What effect does the issue
have on patterns of
behaviors of the people?
Table I



Employment
Wages
Prices
Trade: Import and Export
Industry and Agriculture




Policies and Objectives of
the Government
Political Affairs
Organization
Relationships with Foreign
Countries
Pressure/Power Groupings


Educational System
Media
Language
Recreation
Values
Attitudes
Behavioral Pattern
Beliefs
Part I. An Overview of the Present Condition
of the Country:
An Overview of the Philippine Economy
The Philippine economy has been restructured and developed
within the context of the global free trade agenda of the superpowers
in the colonial and post-colonial periods. From the indigenous, self-
subsistent agriculture, agri-plantations were enforced by the Spanish
crown to support the Galleon Trade and supply the domestic food
needs of the Spanish army and bureaucracy. This was sustained and
modernized by the American government through the entry of
Agricultural-Trans National Corporations (Agri-TNCs) and in
collaboration with big native landowners. TNC exploitations of
agricultural resources expanded to the forest and mineral sectors.

An Overview of the Philippine Economy
In the post-colonial period, the free-trade-oriented
economic restructuring continued mainly through the
installation of U.S. and free-trade-friendly Philippine
governments which provide the policy environment
favorable to such agenda, e.g., Parity Rights, Bell-
Trade Act, US-RP Treaty of General Relations.
An Overview of the Philippine Economy
In the onset of the 20
th
century market crisis in the advanced
economies characterized by overproduction (goods and capital)
against the backdrop of growing labor and citizen militancy in
these economies due to the deterioration of living conditions, the
trans nationalization of production and investments have become
more aggressive to inferior economies like the Philippines. In
collaboration with the government and Filipino elite (big
landowners and business, TNCs and superpowers have been
granted the liberty to dump surplus products (including those that
are banned in their own countries); and put up dirty and extractive
industries and other labor-intensive semi-processing industries
with cheap and docile labor offered by the government as come-
ons.

An Overview of the Philippine Economy
In the process of such historical restructuring of the Philippine
economy, the agrarian problem (inequitable distribution of lands
and allocation of production resources), mass unemployment,
underdevelopment of the basic production sectors or
underdevelopment in general, take roots.

As the country becomes more and more dependent on foreign
investments and international financing, it becomes more
subservient to the dictates and policy instigations of the
superpowers and super-economies. The nation and its people
consistently lose sovereign powers over the country, resources
and people.

We take a look on the present condition of the country:

1. Employment Problems

The issue of unemployment can be validated and further expounded by the following
statistical information from the NSO, Manila (Philippine Labor Force Survey April 2001):
Philippines April 01 Jan 01 Oct 00 July 00 April 00
Total
15 yrs old & over (in 000)
48,742 48.405 48,078 47,800 47,500
Labor force (in 000)
Participation Rate (%)
33,621
69.0
31,684
65.5
30,908
64.3
30,518
63.8
31,587
66.5
Employment (in 000)
Participation Rate (%)
29,160
66.7
28,087
66.5
27,775
69.9
27,093
66.6
27,209
66.1
Unemployment (in 000)
Participation Rate (%)
4,461
13.3
3,597111
.4
3,133,110
.1
3,425
11.2
4,378
13.9
Underemployment (in 000)
Participation Rate (%)
5,092
17.5
4,743
16.9
5,528
19.9
5,752
21.2
6,721
24.7
Employment Problems
Sector Total +/- Unpaid Family
Workers
Own account
Workers
Agriculture +10.9 %
(10.9M)
27 % (3M) 49% (5.4M)
Industry +5.4 % (4.8M) 16.4 % (780T)
Service +5.0 % (14M) +28.3 %
Employment by sectoral origin and type of workers:

Employment Problems
Of the total increase in employment, the unpaid family workers, own
workers and wage/salary workers account for 878,000, 785,000 and
289,000 respectively.

Full time workers (working at least 40 hours/ week) decreased from
17.0 million of April 2000 to 17.1 million of April 2001. Those working
for less than 40 hours/ week increased from 9 million at last year to
11.3 this year.

All 14 regions posted a double-digit unemployment rate with Metro
Manila posting the highest at 17.7% and Cagayan Valley the lowest at
10.3%.

Employment Problems
The Department of Labor and Employment received
notices of closure and retrenchment within the first six
months from 1, 314 manufacturing companies in Manila.
This is expected to cause the retrenchment of 32, 576
workers.

The rate of employment generation cannot cope
effectively with the growth rate of the labor force. From
January to September 2001, 52,468 workers (roughly 199
workers per day) were displaced resulting from closures
and retrenchment.

2. Productivity and Income Problems

In the agricultural sector where the majority of the economically
poor depends, the farmers (landless, small-medium owner,
cultivators in the lowlands, uplands and indigenous areas),
consistently experience decline in productivity and income due to
the spiraling cost of production and technology against the
backdrop of market price manipulated by chains of traders who
are also providers of rural credit. The inferiority of the marginal
farmers production tools and technology and their lack of access
to land, credit, irrigation and post- harvest facilities make them
less competitive with the products of corporate farms and those
of the agricultural imports.

2. Productivity and Income Problems

Fisherfolks also experience similar decline in
productivity and income as they lost their traditional
fishing grounds to commercial fishers whose
production tools, technology and capital are far
superior. Over fishing has consistently caused the
decline in fish production, particularly in municipal
waters. Municipal water fish production rate posted
a negative average of 2.9% annually from 1987-1994.

3. Natural Resources and Environment Problems


Environmental problems aggravate the
productivity and income deficiency of the poor.
The rapid depletion of the countrys natural
resources consistently constricts the marginal
agricultural producers.

3. Natural Resources and Environment Problems


In 1575, total forest cover was 27.5 million hectares of about 92%
of the total land area with a rate of deforestation of 22, 917
hectares per year. In 1995, forest cover stood at 5.6 million
hectares or about 18.6% of the total land area with a deforestation
rate of 120, 000 hectares per year. The situation spells calamities
and disasters that impact adversely on the ecosystem, e.g., on
lands and waters. In 1994, lands classified as agricultural lands
stood at 13 million hectares more than half of which were devoted
to rice and corn. As consequence of deforestation, approximately
2.9 million hectares have been eroded. The countrys gross
erosion rate stands at 2, 046 MMT/ year with grassland and
agricultural lands registering the highest rates of 76% and 23%
respectively.

4. Rising Cost of Living

Against the backdrop of spiraling cost of living, the
poverty situation and difficulties of the poor worsen. The
series of oil price hikes in 2000 for instance, jacked up
prices of other commodities. The hikes have caused 10%
price increase for every kilowatt-hour of electricity
consumption; 9% and 6% fare increases for buses and
jeepneys, respectively; 2% increase in the overall
production cost of industries; .11% and 10% increase in
rice and corn household expenditures, respectively.

5. Inaccessible Basic Social Services

More and more poor families have been incapacitated
to provide the socio-cultural needs of their household
members, especially the children, youth, aged and
other social dependents. From school years 1991-1992
to 1999-2000, the national average elementary
enrollments stood at 11.4 million. On the other hand,
average high school enrollment in the same period
stood at 4.7 million. More and more children are
unable to pursue higher education.

5. Inaccessible Basic Social Services
The top notifiable diseases and causes of deaths would closely
associate with poverty. From 1994-1996, topping the list are
reported cases of diarrhea, bronchitis, tuberculosis, pnuemonia,
influenza and heart disease with combined average of 630,000
cases annually. The same cases in the same period also topped
the list of death causes with a combined average of 19,342 deaths
annually. Availability and accessibility of health services has
been problematic on account that the total number of hospitals in
the country stood at 1,794 (1999) or roughly 1 hospital for every
36,000 people. The total number of government doctors was
2,848 (1998) or roughly 1 doctor for every 22,800 people.

Overview of the Philippine Politics

In the realm of politics that may be simplified
as the social relations of peoples (e.g.,
governors-governed, social leaders-
constituents, dominant-subordinate groups,
public-corporate-civil societies, etc.), the
problems have been identified as:

1. Graft and Corruption

Graft and corruption have become institutions in
government as they have been practiced in practically all
levels of government including the countrys highest office.
They have so gross to infect and contaminate even the
institutions of learning that is supposed to mold and form
values of the people especially the youths for good and
responsible citizenship; or the military and police agencies
that are supposed to discipline, reform or prevent persons
in engaging in criminal acts and other anti-social practices.
Graft & corruption have become too endemic that the
government is losing its moral ascendancy to lead its
constituents to the extent that it tends to deceive, bribe or
coerce the people to submit to its rule.
1. Graft and Corruption
As this occur in the social relationship between the
governors and the governed, social disorder becomes
a natural cause of unpeace or the deterioration of just
peace. Other political issues like nepotism,
dynastism, and vote-buying and election fraud could
be correlated with the problem on graft & corruption.
Graft and corruption is systematic in government.
This situation is further maintained by the ineptitude
of the justice system (judicial branch) to prosecute
and convict violators of the Anti-Corrupt Act and
Practices Law.
1. Graft and Corruption
The same is true with the rising organized crimes such
as drug-trafficking, kidnap-for-ransom, robbery,
extortion, bribery, etc. Law enforcement has been
made inutile in curbing criminality due to the alleged
deep involvement of the some law enforcers, public
officials and influential and affluent members of the
society. There is even strong reason to believe that
electoral campaigns of a number of government
officials are mainly supported by crime monies.

2. Political Marginalization

The political marginalization of the poor is a dominant
phenomenon in the Philippine politics and governance.
The nature and composition of government is
predominantly elite in practically all branches and
levels. Though there has been a continuing trend of
civil societys entry or collaboration within, it could not
yet meaningfully alter the elitist agenda of the
government. Though it allows democratic space for
the people to air their grievances and social appeals
through consultations and legitimate street actions,
these could not yet effectively influence decisions and
social policy development.

2. Political Marginalization

On the side of the people (the unorganized
and even portions of the organized), the level
of political maturity is low relative to critical
and informed participation in political affairs.
Though there are other factors to consider
relative to their political consciousness and
actions, they are crucial in the political
equation as they are vulnerable to
manipulate in the political of the traditional
and elite politicians.

2. Political Marginalization

The intensification of the economic and political crisis
also intensifies social conflicts based on the
competition in the allocation of wealth and power.
Marginal farmers, lowland and upland including
indigenous peoples complete with agro-corporations
and TNCs in the access and use of land and natural
resources. Marginal fisher folk complete with big local
and foreign fishing companies in the exploitation of sea
and marine resources. Urban poor communities battle
against land developers, workers against employers and
even gangsters and crime syndicates against each
other.

2. Political Marginalization
The social crisis even intensifies the long-running antagonistic
political conflict between the government and the armed
challengers such as the MILF and the NDF.

The electoral system and the form of government have been
designed to maintain elite politics. The traditional system of
election leaves very little space for the poor to either participate in
the electoral contest or meaningfully choose candidates who
would prove as real champions and representatives of the poor.
At this juncture, the social action network needs to seriously
evaluate whether the presidential form of government or other
forms would be more responsive and facilitate to participatory
politics and governance.

2. Political Marginalization

The maintenance of elite politics and all its other negative
characters is ensured by the support and sponsorship of
superpowers and super-economies that have great economic and
political interest in the country or in the region. The wide
unorganized portion of the population, particularly the poor and
the middle class, further ensured the maintenance of elite politics.
With a low level of political consciousness and maturity, they are
less critical of graft and corruption in government or the anti-
people social policy decisions and are even easily vulnerable to
manipulations of traditional politicians and other elite groups.

The social exclusion of the poor in the sharing of political power
resulted in their marginalization in the distribution and allocation
of economic resources, and vice-versa.

OM 1A

An Overview of the Philippine Culture


In the socio-cultural scene, the social crisis affects the
continuing moral decadence and value distortions. We can see
these in the following social manifestations.

At one point, these could be seen as products and effects of the
social crisis. Incidence of the anti-social activities, immorality, and
criminality rise as more and more people lose their capacity to
cope with the crisis. At another point, the cultural crisis has
become systematic reinforcing and intensifying the economic and
political crisis. The people, particularly the unorganized majority,
tends to be more tolerant and apathetic to the situation and
indifferent to the struggle for social change.

The law of the jungle the fittest survives has become the
dominant social rule. It tends to build on the capacity of people
to complete than to cooperate to survive.

In finding the major reasons of the above social realities, we
can identify causes at the micro and macro levels. Micro level
causes would be social practices and social relations occurring
within an immediate environment that result either to positive or
negative situations or effects social facilities or difficulties to the
member of society or community.

An Overview of the Philippine Culture
Macro level causes on the other hand would be social
policies and traditions institutionalized at the global
environment by dominant social institutions that either
maintain or demolish the micro level causes of the
problematic social realities.

Pertaining to poverty as indicated unemployment,
productivity & income problems of the poor in both the
rural and urban sectors and insufficient basic social
services delivery in their communities.

An Overview of the Philippine Culture
The marginalized sectors lack the appropriate education,
knowledge, skills/technology to posses a competitive edge in the
employment (salary/wages) market.
There is gross non-compliance to minimum wage law by
companies and violations of workers right to security of tenure
(due to labor contractualization practices) and right to unionize
and collectively bargain (due to no union, no strike policies,
particularly in the EPZAs).
The more enterprising poor (own account workers/informal sector
a substantial portion in what the government considers
employed) posses inferior capital and technology in a highly
liberalized market competition.

1. At the micro level:
The marginalized farmers, fisherfolk and IPS do not have full
or meaningful access to and control of land, capital,
production and post-production technology and ultimately
trade and pricing. In many cases, their productivity and
income are adversely affected by aggressive development
projects, e.g. urbanization, land use conversion
(circumventing the CARP), industrial or infrastructure
projects) that either dislocate them or further deny them of
the resource base. Moreover, the THC-instigated crop
conversion (through agro-plantations or contract-growing
and lately the introduction of bio-technology) further erodes
the marginal producers competitive edge in the economic
cycle.

1. At the micro level:
The productivity and income problems of the poor are
aggravated more strategically (long-term sense) by
convention or chemical-based farming, destructive and
abusive fishing practices, dirty and extractive industries that
destroy and deplete natural and production resources.

The rising cost of living (increasing prices of basic
commodities including social services) is caused by price
deregulation that allows price manipulation and budgetary
cuts in the budget for social services.

1. At the micro level:
The intensifying economic crisis that impoverish the
Filipino majority can be attributed to the
underdevelopment of the countrys economic sectors
particularly agriculture and industry. Agricultural
development is hindered by agrarian problem where the
direct producers do not have meaningful access to and
control of lands, credit, technology and markets. This,
against the backdrop of a rapidly growing rural
population, incapacitates the agricultural/rural economy
to absorb or provide jobs resulting in excessive labor
surplus.

2. At the macro level:



The industrial sector, being underdeveloped, cannot provide
jobs to the labor surplus. Those who migrated to urban
areas to look for jobs end up in slum areas doing menial
livelihood activities. The growth of the urban poor
population has been rapid that comprise the bulk of the
informal sector. Most being unskilled labor, they do not
have the competitive edge in the employment market. Some
are lucky enough to be absorbed in construction industries
that provide them in seasonal employment. Even those with
academic qualification hardly find jobs and end up in the
export labor market. Those who cannot find overseas
employment are forced to take jobs for which they are
overqualified.

2. At the macro level:



Industries, unlike agriculture can provide jobs 24 hours
a day continuously in any seasons. It is therefore a
crucial agenda in pursuing a strategic solution to the
unemployment problem.

Pursued based on agrarian development, national
industrialization can increase domestic productivity as
well as strengthen the economys absorptive capacity to
tap the growing labor force.

2. At the macro level:



As the economy is not able to produce machines that
produce machines, the industrial sector cannot engage in
value-added production of raw material agricultural outputs.
Moreover, it cannot support the modernization needs of
agriculture. Thus, agricultural products (crops, minerals,
timber, sea and marine products) are exported to feed the
raw materials needs of overseas industries. On the other
hand, the country imports for agricultural production,
technology and capital goods (machines) and even raw
materials to run the countrys semi-processing industries.
With the countrys entry into the WTO-GATT regime, even
agricultural and consumer products have been imported
with the effect of further marginalizing our local producers.

2. At the macro level:



On one hand, the socio-political crises resulted to a cultural
crisis characterized by the distortion and erosion of positive
social and moral values that used to bind Philippine society.
On the other hand, values created from such distortion and
erosion tends to reinforce rather than become a counter-
force to the social crisis.
The mainstream media and information technology (IT)
which are owned by corporate proponents of market-
oriented globalization have been effective channels in
promoting values, lifestyles and consumption patterns
favorable to the market. Movies in particular, promote an
escapist culture or hero-worship that defies the positive
value of unity and collective action of peoples to solve
social problems.

2. At the macro level:



The educational system, which is dominantly run by private
investors or financed by loans, has become commercialized.
Such would be evidenced by the continuing tuition increases
every school year. Another would be the choice of enrollment
that heavily weighs in favor of courses that are more technical
and closely associate with the needs of business corporations.
In school year 1997-1998 for instance, population for Business
Administration, Mathematics and Computer Science, Engineering,
Medical and allied courses were 620,681, 166,329, 299,226 and
164,784 respectively. On the other hand, population of courses
which are crucially important to social and human development
like Humanities, Social and Behavioral Science, Natural Science
and Agriculture, and related courses were 9,394, 34,735, 21,914,
and 64,760 respectively.

2. At the macro level:



Gross graft and corruption in government; the creation
and implementation of social policies that make more
difficult the life of the poor; the practices of
corporations that destroy the environment, dislocate or
disintegrate poor communities; or deny the basic rights
of workers; the involvement of law enforcers in
organized crimes would be clear evidences of the worst
value distortions happening in the countrys cultural
and moral landscape.

2. At the macro level:



Influenced by distorted values against the backdrop
of massive poverty, the poor also develop the
tendency to engage and indulge in anti-social
activities, e.g., drug abuse and trafficking,
prostitution rings, gambling syndicates and other
organized crimes led by socially powerful and
influential personalities. Some others engage in
petty crimes and are usually the ones being caught
and convicted swiftly. Drug trafficking, in particular,
would no longer be considered for microanalysis as
it had grown into a global trade.

2. At the macro level:



There is close correlation between increasing crime
incidence and the worsening poverty situation. Crime
increases when employment opportunities become
unavailable. In the U.S. for instance, crime and random
acts of violence is pervasive, but no amount of
additional prisons, no amount of executions of
murderers and no amount of extra police equipment has
stopped crime unless the basic economic structure that
breeds poverty is positively changed. It is the same
cause for Rwandan commercial sex workers to say it is
better to die of AIDS in ten years than from hunger
tomorrow

2. At the macro level:



Extreme poverty beyond rationalization tends to
reactivate prejudices and biases that have been
kept in peoples sub-consciousness during
favorable times. This can be a factor in the
increasing incidence of ethnic and religious
conflicts (as in Mindanao), resurgence of racism
in OCW or immigrant-receiving countries or
domestic violence against children and women.

2. At the macro level:



Activity 6 Illustration of Dream Society


Reflect on the values you want to uphold in your dream
society.
1. Each student will be asked to list down the values he
wants to uphold in his dream society. He will be asked to
illustrate these values through symbols on a clean piece of
paper.
2. Each student will compare his dream society with the
present society.

Activity 6 Illustration of Dream Society


3. Then, the class will be divided into small groups of 5-6
members to facilitate the sharing of individual output.

4. A group discussion will follow with the following guide
questions:
A.What challenges/tasks are involved in achieving your dream
society?
B.Do you think the CWTSP can be a means in achieving your dream
society?

5. A designated reporter from each group will share the
important points raised in small the group sharing


Part II. Community Mapping
Definition of Community
There are a number of ways to think about what a community
is. The first, most obvious way is to think about it as a
geographic area, a place with defined physical boundaries. The
most fundamental characteristic of these geographic
communities is that they are places of residence. People are
familiar with them because they live there.
Some communities are defined by individuals' shared
interests, activities, affection, or common identity. These
characteristics differentiate them from others.
People are usually members of a geographic as well as
interest communities. The notion of geographic and interest or
identificational can be seen in the definitions of the word
community:

Definition of Community

Community - a group of individuals or families that share certain
values, service, institutions, interests, or geographic proximity
(Barker).
Community - or a "sense of community" exists when two or more
people work together toward the accomplishment of mutually
desirable goals (Lofguist).
Community - is a territorially bounded social system or set of
interlocking or integrated functional subsystems (economic, political,
religious, ethical, educational, legal, socializing, reproductive, etc.)
serving a resident population plans the material culture or physical
plant through which subsystems operate (Bernard).
Community is an identifiable human grouping that is predominantly
informal in organization and interaction, heterogeneous in
composition, enduring, and sharing some characteristics or
attributes in common (M. Fernando).

Definition of Community
For our purpose we define a community as: a
number of people who share a distinct location, belief,
interest, activity, or other characteristics that clearly
identifies their commodity and differentiates them from
those not sharing it. This common distinction is
sufficiently evident that members of the community are
able to recognize it, even though they may not
currently have this recognition. Effectively acting on
their recognition may lead members to more complete
personal and mutual development

Community Needs

The needs of a community are those things a community
requires to meet its goals and to sustain itself. These are
routine, ongoing challenges the community must address:
Physical Needs - The most basic needs. This set of
needs includes those that help care of our bodies as well
as those that deal with the things we make or build.
Social and Emotional Needs - Forming and maintaining
relationships is an integral function of the community. A
feeling of well-being and confidence in the future are
necessary if a community is to achieve its potential.

Community Needs

Political Needs - Community life requires a continuous
series of decisions on matters that affect its members.
This process involves forming policies that manage
resources and relationships. Each community faces a
set of political needs, and it will develop a governance
or decision, making structure if it intends to respond
to those needs. Governance structures usually have
clearly spelled out procedures for gathering
information, making decisions, developing rules or
laws, describing those rules or laws, and enforcing
them. These procedures describe who is allowed to
participate in the process and how (Fellin).

Community Needs
Economic Needs - The community's economic system
provides a way for its members to develop the means to
acquire things that are important to them. Usually, this means
money.
Educational and Communication Needs - A community needs
to know more about itself and the world in which it operates.
The community has to have information and methods for
developing, transmitting, and receiving that information.
When these needs are not adequately met and discomfort to
the members results, community problems exist. As such they
are needs that have not been properly addressed. If things stay
the same, the problems and discomforts will persist. The only
way to get rid of the problems or reduce them is for people to do
things differently.

Some of the Interests in Community

There could be various reasons for the interest in community and
yet, not all of them are helpful for the community. Some interests
shown by various agents of community interventions are:
1. To create a support base and win votes for politicians and
parties.
2. To mobilize people for some political end.
3. To improve the problem-solving capabilities and to develop the
human resources towards better conditions of living.
4. To preserve the indigenous cultural life.
5. To provide pastoral care (caring for the needs of the faith
community).

Some of the Interests in Community
6. To remedy social problems (deviance, crime).
7. To promote the national interests (population control).
8. To develop infrastructure for multinational corporations interests or colonial
power interests (introduction of the agricultural technological products of the
Multinational Corporation, demolitions, relocations, and construction of physical
structures on the community territory).
9. To preserve the ecological and genetic or biological heritage and indigenous
technology and knowledge.
10.To implement the programs of UN and various civil groups from outside.
11.To test or develop theories on community as well as to provide information on
consumer behavior in the community or to determine the feasibility of economic
enterprises (academic).

Our interest in community is to intervene in community
toward its sustainable development and it means:

1. To help the community identify its actual needs distinct
from the felt needs.
2. To improve its capabilities to solve its problems.
3. To improve the human resources and potentials as well as
natural resources toward the improvement of conditions
and quality of life in the community. This involves the
localization of the benefits of science and technology and
affecting social integration, social organization, cultural
production, political participation of the people and the
peoples control over economic processes.

Worksheet No. 2

Answer the following questions (yellow paper).
1. In the present situation of the country, do you
think there is still hope for the Filipinos? Explain
your answer.
2. Identify five (5) pressing problems the country is
facing at present and make proposals to address
the identified problems.