Presented by

JOSHI SWADISH S.
Guided by
Prof. P.S. NAGARE
Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magneto caloric effect.

It is a physical process that exploits the magnetic properties of certain solid materials
to produce refrigeration.

The refrigerant is often a paramagnetic salt, such as cerium magnesium nitrate.

It gives cooling nearest to absolute zero than any other method hence it made
liquidification of gases easier.

At the same time it does not emit any CFC or HCFC compounds hence it never
affects our environment specially OZONE layer.





MCE is a magneto-thermodynamic phenomenon in which a reversible
change in temperature of a suitable material is caused by exposing the
material to changing magnetic field.

All magnets bears a property called Currie effect i.e. If a temperature of
magnet is increased from lower to higher range at certain temperature
magnet looses the magnetic field.

Currie temperature Depends on individual property of each material.

As Energy input to the magnet is increased the orientation of the
magnetic dipoles in a magnet starts loosing orientation. And vice a versa
at curie temperature as magnet looses energy to the media it regains the
property.






A magnetocaloric substance is placed in an insulated environment.

The increasing external magnetic field (+ H) causes the magnetic
dipoles of the atoms to align, thereby decreasing the material's
magnetic entropy and heat capacity.


Since overall energy is not lost (yet) and therefore total entropy is
not reduced (according to thermodynamic laws), the net result is
that the item heats up ( T + Tad).






This added heat can then be removed (- Q) by a fluid or gas
gaseous or liquid helium , for example.


The magnetic field is held constant to prevent the dipoles from
reabsorbing the heat.


Once sufficiently cooled, the magnetocaloric substance and the
coolant are separated (H=0).










The substance is returned to another adiabatic (insulated)
condition so the total entropy remains constant.


This time the magnetic field is decreased, the thermal energy
causes the magnetic moments to overcome the field, and thus the
sample cools


Energy (and entropy) transfers from thermal entropy to magnetic
entropy (disorder of the magnetic dipoles).
Material is placed in thermal contact with the Environment being
refrigerated.

Magnetic field held constant to prevent material from heating back
up.

Because the working material is cooler than the refrigerated
environment, heat energy migrates into the working material (+Q)

Once the refrigerant and refrigerated environment are in thermal
equilibrium, the cycle continuous.











TECHNICAL


High Efficiency

Reduced Operating Cost

Compactness

Reliability









SOCIO-ECONOMIC


Competition in Global Market

Key Factor to new
technologies











At the present stage of the development of magnetic refrigerators with
permanent magnets, hardly any freezing applications are feasible.

Some of the future applications are:-

Magnetic household refrigeration appliances

Magnetic cooling and air conditioning in buildings and houses

Central cooling system

Refrigeration in medicine

Cooling in food industry and storage

Cooling in transportation

Cooling of electronic equipments









Purchase cost may be high, but running costs are 20% less than the
conventional chillers.

Thus life cycle cost is much less.

Ozone depleting refrigerants are avoided in this system, hence it more
eco-friendly.

Energy conservation and reducing the energy costs are added advantages.

The efficiency of magnetic refrigeration is 60% to 70% as compared to
Carnot cycle.

Magnetic refrigeration is totally maintenance free & mechanically simple
in construction.











The initial investment is more as compared with conventional
refrigeration.

The magneto caloric materials are rare earth materials hence their
availability also adds up an disadvantage in MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION.









It is a technology that has proven to be environmentally safe. Computer
models have shown 25% efficiency improvement over vapour compression
Systems.

In order to make the magnetic refrigerator commercially Viable, scientists
need to know how to achieve larger temperature swings and also
permanent magnets which can produce strong magnetic fields of order
10 tesla.

There are still some thermal and magnetic hysteresis problems to be
Solved for the materials that exhibit the MCE to become really useful.








` 1. "A Course In Refrigeration & Air-conditioning" by S. C. Arora
& S. Domkundwar. Publication:- Dhanpat Rai & Co. (P) Ltd.
Seventh Edition.
2. Magnetic Refrigeration, ASHRAE Journal (2007), by John
Dieckmann, Kurt Roth and James Brodrick.
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_refrigeration.
4. http://www.scribd.com/doc/19537314/Magnetic-Refrigeration.