GLOBAL ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is a series of
economic, social, technological and
political changes that increase
interdependence and interaction
between people in disparate
locations.
Globalization Debates:
whether it occurs from 'above'
(through government and state
actions) or 'below' (through civil
society actions)
supporters see it as economic
savior for the world's poor
opponents consider it oppressive
to the developing world,
destroying local culture and
contributing to global warming.

Economic growth is desirable for developing countries, and
energy is essential for economic growth.
If India is to achieve the targeted growth in GDP, it would
need commensurate input of energy, mainly commercial
energy in the form of coal, oil, gas and electricity.
Indias fossil fuel reserves are limited .
The known reserves of oil and natural gas may last hardly
for 18 and 26 years respectively at the current reserves to
production ratio.
India has huge proven coal reserves (84 billion tonnes)
may last for about 200 years but the increasing ash content
in Indian Coal as well as associated greenhouse gas
emission are the major concern. In the business as usual
scenario, the exploitable coal may last for about less than
100 years

INTRODUCTION
Why More and More Energy?
The availability and consumption of energy is an Index of prosperity of
a country
We need more energy to meet rising demand due to
Population outburst
Inevitable industrialization
More agricultural production
Improving living standards
An entrenched capital intensive and longlived energy infrastructure.
It is true that energy production and utilization will degrade the
environment. But by using advanced technologies, methodologies and
sources, the economic and social development in India is possible
without much degrading the environment.
Energy security, escalating energy cost, and unevenly distributed energy
resources are major global problems and require global solutions.
Energy production, energy consumption, economic development and
environment pollution are all directly related to each other.
Present Installed Capacity in India 1,73,626.40 MW
(as on March 31, 2011)
Thermal
1,12,824.48
64.98%
Nuclear
4,780.00
2.75%
Hydro
37,567.40
21.64 %
Renewable
18,454.52
10.63 %
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
CO2 per Capita
H
D
I

G-20 Countries (2008)
Earth CO2
Absorption
India
US France
Japan
China
South Africa
Russia Brazil
Indonesia
South Korea
Australia
Saudi Arabia
Argentina
(Tons per person)
Mexico
Turkey
Italy
Canada UK
Germany
Where we are now: Carbon Emissions and Human Development
Human Development Index and Ecological Burden
Human Development Index
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Human Development Index
Despite difficult economic & social
conditions and other priorities, we
cannot afford to delay the
construction of a new energy model.
It takes vision and strong
determination to push through
transformational investment
decisions in a tough economic
environment.

Prof. H.P. Garg, IREDA Chair Professor
An Example of
Energy
Efficiency
What is
Next??????????


Efficient Power
Producing efficient power with coal, even today, is a challenge
Coal

Climate
Tech
nology
Hot Climate:
Low Condenser Vacuum &
Boiler Eff
No requirement of District
Heating
Very High Ash Content: 40% - 50%
High Alfa Quartz Content
High Abrasive Index
Low Heating Value: 25003500 Kcal/Kg
The Challenge
Fuel extraction
island
Power
Island
[Turbine]
Transmission
Combustion
Island
[Boiler]
=85%-90% =65%
=95%
Distribution
[80%]
=85-90% Overall <22%!!!
Vision for Energy Security
The region has proposed a Pan-Asian Gas Grid
network spanning from Iran and the Caspian on
the West, China and Myanmar on the east and
Siberia in the north.

In this direction, the following grid routes are
being contemplated:
- The Peace-Pipeline from Iran through Pakistan
to India
- The Central-Asian Pipeline from Turkmenistan
through Afghanistan and Pakistan
- The third pipeline network from Myanmar
through Bangladesh to India, which could be
linked to the existing ASEAN gas pipeline
Approach to Energy Conservation
Short Term Measures
Measures which require only operational measures or
improvements requiring negligible capital investment.
Medium Term Measures
Measures which include installations of waste heat
recovery devices and modifications in design of the
equipment requiring moderate capital investment with a
payback period of around 3-4 years.
Long Term Measures
Measures which include fuel substitution, modernisation
of equipment both process and utilities and capital
intensive heat recovery devices with a payback of
around 6 years.
Integration Between Measures
Awareness and Training Programmes










Resource Reserve Scenario*
18.6
31.3
239
Coal Crude Oil Natural Gas

R/P ratio
(Reserve to Production)
Reserves Production
Coal (proved) MT 92,445 382
(38114 Mtoe
as on 1.1.05)
Crude Oil (MT) 700 38
Natural Gas(BCM) 920 29.4
(831 Mtoe
as on 1.4.05)
Indian Fuel Resource Scenario*
Reserves Potential
Tonnes of Metal Gwe-Yr
Uranium 61,000 42,530
Thorium 2,25,000 150,000
Nuclear Resource Scenario*
Total Potential (Assessed by CEA):

Potential 148,700 MW
Present Installed Capacity 30,936 MW
Balance (Recoverable) 117,764 MW
Hydro Resource Potential*
Energy Resources of India
Governments Policy &
Renewable Energy
Instability of energy market

Exhaustion of fossil fuel

Obligation to reduction of
GHG emission
Why Renewables in India
JAWAHARLAL
NEHRU
NATIONAL
SOLAR
MISSION
Formally launched on
11
th
January, 2010
by the Honble Prime Minister

HARNESSING THE
POWER OF THE SUN
Installed Power Generation Capacity in India from
Renewables (upto 31
st
Dec, 2010)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
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Years
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Global Warming
Ozone Layer Depletion
Acid Rain
Deforestation
Loss of Biodiversity
Water Pollution
Desertification
Waste disposal
Environmental Challenges
The main challenge: paradigm shift from
the current pattern of energy production,
conversion and use to a sustainable path,
taking into account economic, social and
environmental dimensions in the nergy
policy.
Mitigate immediate and long-term
impacts: local, regional and global levels.
Impacts on human health, air quality and
eco-system.
Purpose of this material
The environment encompasses the whole of life on
earth and the complex interactions that link the living
world with the physical world. In a general sense, this
covers everything contained within the air, land and
water. Sudden and dramatic natural changes to the
environment have occurred, and continue to occur,
which have the potential to upset the whole balance
of the Earth's ecosystem. Significant environmental
issues cause impacts throughout the world. This
presentation aims to inform people on the global,
regional and local environmental issues that relate
directly to India.

Slide 23
What is the Environment?
The environment encompasses the
whole of life on earth and the complex
interactions that link the living world with
the physical world
In a general sense, this covers
everything contained within the air, land
and water
Time also is a key factor as historic
issues have an influence on the status
of the environment - locally and globally,
both now and in the future.

Environmental Change
Sudden and dramatic natural changes to the
environment have occurred in the distant past, but
only relatively recently has one species had the
potential to upset the whole balance of the Earth's
ecosystem
The global population has risen
dramatically during the last century
The rise of industry and its rapid
expansion has been a major
source of pollution. This has
caused changes in the balance
of our environment
Human activities are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, which cause more heat to be trapped
Global Warming
Predicted effects of global warming include:
Higher sea levels
Higher temperatures
Variable climatic conditions
These changes are expected to cause a significant impact
on agriculture and ecosystems.
Greenhouse gases help to maintain the earths
temperature at a level suitable to support life
Ozone Layer Depletion
The ozone layer protects the earth from harmful
ultraviolet (UV) light
The use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other
ozone depleating substances as refrigerants, solvents
and insulation is destroying the ozone layer
A hole is observed over Antarctica every autumn PLAY
Depleated ozone levels cause the following impacts:
Increased penetration of UV light to earth
Increased risks of skin cancer and eye diseases
Damage to agricultural crops
Disruption to marine food chains
Acid Rain
The burning of fossil fuels leads to atmospheric emissions of
NO
x
and SO
2

These gases react with water and oxygen to make sulfuric and
nitric acids. Sunlight increases the rate of these reactions
Rain, snow and fog can be polluted with these acidic
compounds, which is then deposited at the earths surface
The deposition of acids can:
Damage forests and soils
Causesacidification of lakes and other waterbodies
Disturb wildlife
Cause the decay of building and other structures
Impact on human health


Deforestation
The deforestation of tropical rainforests is a major
global problem-each year millions of hectares are lost
Deforestation rates in some countries continue to
increase despite worldwide pressures
Rainforests are destroyed for wood products, and to
make way for agricultural activities, mining and dams
The impacts of deforestation include:
Loss of livelihood for local inhabitants
Variable environmental conditions (susceptability to flood,
aggravated droughts, soil erosion etc)
Loss of biodiversity and disturbance to ecosystems
Loss of carbon sink
Loss of Biodiversity
Biodiversity has three key components:
Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecological diversity
Approximately 2.1 million species are known to exist, but up to
50 million still to be discovered
Biodiversity is important for food, drugs, maintaining ecological
stability, aesthetic and cultural benefits
Natural causes and human activity can threaten biodiversity
The loss of biodiversity means ecosystems are destabilised,
vital resources are lost and genetic variation is reduced

Water Pollution
A change in water quality that impacts on
living organisms
Types and effects of water pollution include:
Infectious agents, such as typhoid, cholera
Nutrients and eutrophication
Toxic materials, through mining
Organic chemicals
Sediments can disrupt
aquatic ecosystems
Slide 31
Desertification
Removing ground cover and degrading fertile
land initiates desertification
Water washes away nutrients, the land
becomes inhospitable
The process is accelerated by expanding
populations and the need to overuse fragile
areas of land
Waste Disposal
Waste disposal methods include:
Open dumping and landfill
Ocean dumping
Exporting waste
Waste to energy plants
Minimising the waste stream:
3Rs: reduce, reuse, recycle
Composting
Waste to energy
Hazardous waste disposal
Needs to be safely handled and disposed of to minimise threats to
the environment and human health
Environmental Management
Environmental pollution is a serious burden on our
ecosystems and finances world-wide
Administrations, commercial organisations and
individuals are affected by environmental change and
its associated dangers, long-term effects and
liabilities
Both legislative obligations and voluntary
mechanisms can address the environment and to
integrate it into the mainstream of business activity
Consequently, environmental management is a
crutial part of all organisations operations

Loss of Biodiversity
The region has a great diversity of birds, with
over 27% of all globally known species found
in the area
However, one in eight species in the region is
globally threatened
The major threats include habitat destruction
and over exploitation
It is believed that 323 bird species are at risk
of extinction over the next 100 years
WORLD CO
2
EMISSION BETWEEN
1985 AND 2020
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
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Years
Options for GHG
Emission Mitigation
Technology options
Policy options
Economic options
Reduction in by
application of best
available technology

Reduction as a
result of policies
and
measures
Reduction in
emission cost
effectively
Options for Mitigating
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Policy options
Adapt strategic planning and management as a
process
Adapt measures to widen access to energy services
Formulation and implementation of energy efficiency
policies
Adapt policies and measures to raise the share of
low-carbon and RE in energy mix.
Review / adapt policies, including market reform and
rational pricing policies, to attract larger private
sector funding and facilitate technology transfer.
Promote and strengthen international and regional
cooperation among all stakeholders to facilitate
partnership.
Technological revolution and
population growth
4.6 billion years ago: creation of the Earth chemical
reactions organic molecules
4 billion years ago: crude form of a life
4 million years ago: primate human being
innovation of stone implements population 5 million
innovation of agriculture population 500 million ensuing ten
thousand years, population remained stable
200 years ago: industrial revolution population 6 billion
20
th
century: technological revolution population 10
billion in 50 years
21
st
century: excessive burden on the limited earth
resources threats to sustainability of humans
POLLUTION CONTROL
1. To control pollution four actions are
required:
Monitoring
Inventory of the sources causing pollution
Modelling
Preparation of action plan
2. Monitoring of pollution involves a careful
study of all environmental factors and the level
of all pollutants
Inventory of sources causing pollution would enable
one to identify the source of pollutants and the most
harmful source.
Modelling of polluting sources, extent and alternatives
will help in understanding the problem and helping the
planner. Closing of one source of pollution and using
alternate method may deteriorate the situation. Like the
use of diesel generating sets to compensate power
shortage are causing more pollution than the closure of
thermal power station.
Based on the above information including modelling, the
authorities can device a practical and effective Plan of
action.

POLLUTION CONTROL (contd.)
3. The Ministries responsible for the monitoring and control of pollution
like Ministry of Environment and Forest, Ministry of Petroleum,
Ministry of Health, Ministry of Surface Transport and Ministry of
Finance are more or less clueless and are not doing much.

4. Therefore, an integrated plan is needed to combat pollution. Good
Engineering and Science and independent authority is the need of the
hour.

5. Air pollution kills a person every hour in Delhi. An estimated 51,779
Indians die every year because of it and 26 million are hospitalised.

6. High levels of suspended particulate matter (SPM), laden with toxic
chemicals, are responsible for these deaths. In Delhi, Kanpur, Mumbai
and Calcutta the emission levels are three to five times higher than
the World Health Organisation (WHO) limits.
POLLUTION CONTROL (contd.)
POLLUTION LEVEL AT DELHI
1. Pollution is increasing due to population growth, industrialisation,
urbanisation and more agricultural production.

2. Over 3,000 metric tonnes of air pollutants (Nox, CO, S0
2
, SPM etc.) are
emitted in Delhi everyday. In 2006 a rise of 109 percent in sulphur dioxide
and 82 per cent rise in oxides of nitrogen in the atmosphere is registered
compared to 1996.

3. Over 5,000 metric tonnes 'of municipal solid waste is generated every day in
the metropolis. The figure is slated to touch an unmanageable load of about
12,500 mt per day by the year 2015.

4. Over 300 mt of plastic waste generated each day is additionally hazardous
for its nonbiodegradability. A substantial quantity of over 30 mt of medical
waste generated each day in 630 hospitals and nursing homes is disposed
of along with the domestic wastes, with the attendant danger of serious
infections.

5. The number of industrial units in Delhi has increased from 10,000 in 1951 to
more than 1.50 lakh today. Over 98,000 units are operating in non-
conforming areas as per the Master Plan.
6. Vehicular population in the city has increased phenomenally, from 2.50
lakh in 1971 to 29.0 lakh in 1997. It is estimated to touch a staggering
high of 60 lakh in 2012.

7. Vehicular pollution is responsible for almost 67 per cent of the total air
pollution load in the metropolis. Another 25 per cent of air pollution is
generated by the industries and coal-based thermal power plants.

8. Air pollution kills a person every hour in Delhi. More then 52,000 Indians
die every year because of it and 26 mililion are hospitalised. In Delhi
9,859 people die prematurely every year because of poor quality of air.
Air pollution has transformed our cities virtually into 'killing fields'.

9. The most serious problem we are facing today is the use of sub-standard
diesel. The study shows that diesel consumption had increased
alarmingly over the past two decades. These days in Delhi, the amount of
diesel being consumed is thrice as compared to petrol. The figure is
considerably high in rest of the country. The amount of diesel being
consumed is increasing rapidly.
POLLUTION LEVEL AT DELHI
(contd.)
10. The quality of petrol is also an issue which needed to be
addressed. Though lead free petrol has been introduced in the
country, the benzene content is not being controlled. Control
vehicular pollution through it's 'Pollution Under Control' scheme is
turned out to be a disaster.

11. Many of the environmental Pollution problems can be solved with
the available technology, but unfortunately the efforts being made
are badly managed and inadequate in India. In order to ensure
environmental protection, the Government of India has made
some administrative and legislative arrangements.

12. There is a strong need of education, awareness, commitment,
resource mobilization International Cooperation, legislation and
strong desire (action).

13. To combat pollution, urgent Institutional, policy and Technological
initiatives are to be taken.
POLLUTION LEVEL AT DELHI (contd.)