STAT 3

BIOSTATISTICS
Introduction
LECTURE ( 2hours/week)
Requirements
LONG EXAMS 60%
QUIZZES, ASSIGNMENTS and
CLASS PARTICIPATION 30%
ATTENDANCE 10%
TOTAL 100%
Introduction
LABORATORY (3 hours/week)
Requirements
EXAMS 40%
EXERCISES, QUIZZES,
ASSIGNMENTS 30%
RESEARCH PAPER 10%
ATTENDANCE, PORTFOLIO 20%
TOTAL 100%
Introduction

Lecture 66.67%
Laboratory 33.33%
TOTAL 100%
PASSING GRADE: 70%
Introduction
References
Marija J. Norusis,
SPSS 10.0 Guide to
Data Analysis
Introduction
References
Ronald E. Walpole,
I ntroduction to
Statistics
Introduction
References
Ronald E. Walpole,
Raymond H. Myers
Probability and
Statistics for Engineers
and Scientists
Introduction
References
George W. Snedecor
William G. Cochran
Statistical Methods
Introduction
References
I nternet Websites
Learning Objectives
1. To understand the meaning and nature of Statistics;
2. To differentiate Descriptive and Inferential Statistics;
3. To understand the concept of population and sample;
4. To distinguish a parameter from a statistic;
5. To appreciate the different uses of statistics;
6. To determine the methods of collecting data
7. To determine the methods of presenting data
8. To evaluate summation notations



Statistics is the most important science
in the whole world; for upon it depends
the practical application of every science
and of every art; the one science essential
to all political and social administration,
all education, all organization based on
experience, for it only gives results of our
experience.
-Florence Nightingale



Statistics is like a
bikini, what is revealed
is suggestive, what is
concealed is vital.
-unknown

STATISTICS
Definition
1. PLURAL SENSE
A set of numerical or recorded data
2. SINGULAR SENSE
A branch of Science which deals with
the collection, presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of data
EXAMPLES
1. Social Weather Station collects and tabulates
data from selected voters to predict the political
preferences of all voters. The information they
gather can help candidates determine their
chances of winning in the election and develop
strategies that will increase their chances of
winning.
2. Population counts of the different regions in the
country may help determine resource allocation.
EXAMPLES
3. Inventory of raw materials allow for the
development of a suitable procurement design
and competitive production strategies.
4. Sales volume, together with information on
consumer behavior and preferences, is useful in
the formulation of the marketing strategy for the
next year.
Two (2) Major Areas of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics
Collecting and describing a set of
data so as to yield some meaningful
information.
2. Inferential Statistics
Concerned with the analysis of a
subset of data leading to prediction
or generalization about the entire set
of data.
Descriptive Statistics
Collect Data e.g. Survey
Present Data e.g. Tables and Graphs
Characterize Data e.g. Mean

n
x
i

A Characteristic of a:
Population is a Parameter
Sample is a Statistic.
Inferential Statistics
Estimation
Hypothesis
Testing
Making decisions concerning a
population based on sample results.
Determine whether the following statements use the area of descriptive or
inferential statistics.
1. A bowler wants to find his bowling average for the past 12 games.

ANSWER: Descriptive Statistics

2. A manager would like to predict based on the previous years sales,
the sales performance of a company for the next five years.

ANSWER: Inferential Statistics

3. A politician would like to estimate , based on an opinion poll, his
chance for winning in the upcoming senatorial election.

ANSWER: Inferential Statistics


Determine whether the following statements use the area of descriptive or
inferential statistics.

4. A teacher wishes to determine the percentage of the students who
passed the examination.

ANSWER: Descriptive Statistics

5. A teacher wishes to determine the average monthly expenditures
on school supplies for the past five months.

ANSWER: Descriptive Statistics

6. A basketball player wants to estimate his chance for winning the
most valuable player (MVP) award based on his current season
averages and the averages of his opponents.

ANSWER: Inferential Statistics

Types of Data
Categorical
Discrete Continuous
Numerical
Data
Data at non-measurement level,
grouped into categories. For example,
nominal gender, or ordinal income
group
Categorical data

Data measured at least at interval level,
but only as whole numbers (integers). For
example, household size, or number of
siblings
Discrete Data
Continuous Data
data with a potentially infinite number of
possible values along a continuum (eg,
weight, blood pressure).
Numerical data

VARIABLE
A characteristic or attribute of
persons or objects which can
assume different values or labels
for different persons or objects
under consideration
Examples:
Number of students, Course, Gender
Definitions
Definitions
Measurement
the process of determining the value or
label of a particular variable for a
particular experimental unit.
Experimental Unit
The individual or object on which a
variable is measured.
Different Levels of Measurements
1. Nominal
The weakest level of measurement where
numbers or symbols are used simply for
categorizing subjects into different groups
Examples: gender, course, religion
2. Ordinal
Contains the properties of the nominal level,
and in addition, the numbers assigned to
categories of any variable may be ranked or
ordered in some low to high manner
Examples: year level, sizes of t-shirts
Different Levels of Measurements
3. Interval
Has the properties of the nominal level,
and in addition, the distances between
any two numbers on the scale are of
known sizes. An interval scale must
have a common and constant unit of
measurement.
It has no true zero point/no absolute
zero
Examples: score, temperature

Different Levels of Measurements
4. Ratio
Contains all the properties of the
interval level
It has true zero point/absolute zero
Examples: no. of correct answers,
Weight, height, area, volume of water

Data Sources
Primary
Data Collection
Secondary
Data Compilation
Observation
Experimentation
Survey
Print or Electronic
General Classification of
collecting data

Census or complete enumeration
-is the process of gathering
information from every unit in the
population.
not always possible to get timely,
accurate and economical data
costly, especially if the number of
units in the population is too large.

General Classification of
collecting data

Survey sampling
- is the process of obtaining information from the units in
the selected sample.

Advantages of Survey Sampling:
reduced cost
greater speed
greater scope
greater accuracy

DEFINITIONS
PROBABILITY AND NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
A sampling procedure that gives every element of the
population a (known) nonzero chance of being selected on the
sample is called probability sampling. Otherwise, the
sampling procedure is called non-probability sampling.
TARGET POPULATION
The target population is the population from which
information is desired.
SAMPLED POPULATION
The sampled population is the collection of elements from
which the sample is actually taken.
POPULATION FRAME
The population frame is a listing of all the individual units in
the population.

Quota
Types of Sampling Methods
Samples
Non-Probability
Samples
Judgement Chunk
Probability Samples
Simple
Random
Systematic
Stratified
Cluster

Methods of Non-probability Sampling

1. purposive sampling- sets out to make a
sample agree with the profile of the
population based on some pre-selected
characteristic
2. quota sampling- selects a specified number
(quota) of sampling units possessing certain
characteristics
3. convenience sampling - selects sampling
units that come to hand or are convenient to
get information from
4. judgment sampling - selects sample in
accordance with an experts judgment


Methods of Probability Sampling

Probability Samples
Simple
Random
Systematic Stratified Cluster
Subjects of the sample are chosen based on known probabilities.

4
1 i
i x
Consider a controlled experiment in which the decreases in
weight over a 6-month period were 15, 10, 18 and 6
kilograms, respectively. If we designate the first recorded
value x
1
, the second x
2
, and so on, then we can write


x
1
= 15, x
2
= 10, x
3
= 18 and x
4
= 6

Using the greek letter
(capital zigma) to indicate summation of we can
write the sum of the 4 weights as

Summation Notation

= x1 + x2 + x3 +x4 = 49

3
2 i
i x
= x2 + x3 = 28



n
i
i
n
i
n
i
i i
n
i
i i i z y x z y x
1 1 1 1
) (
THEOREM 1
The summation of the sum of two or more variables
is the sum of their summations. Thus

THEOREM 2
If c is a constant then




n
i
i
n
i
i x c cx
1 1
THEOREM 3
If c is a constant then

n
i
nc c
1
THEOREM 4
If c is a constant , and m is any integer not equal to 1,
then

n
m i
c m n c 1

2
3
1
3
2
2
1
1 2 ) 4 ) 1 5 ( . 2
) 3 ) 4 3 ( . 1

i
i
i
i i
i
i i
x x
y x y x
Example: If x
1
= 2, x
2
= 4, x
3
= -1, x
4
= 0
y
1
= 3, y
2
= -1, y
3
= 2, y
4
= 5 find the value of