CHEMISTRY

Chapter 4
Energy and Heat
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico
CHEMISTRY
Energy
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Energy
Makes objects move
Makes things stop
Energy from sun plants foods we
eat energy to live
We need energy to do work






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CHEMISTRY
Work is done when
Go up stairs
Play soccer
Lift a bag of groceries
Ride a bicycle
Breathe
Heart pumps blood
Water goes over a dam

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CHEMISTRY
Potential Energy
Is stored energy
Examples
Water behind a dam
Compressed spring
Chemical bonds in gasoline or coal
Food




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CHEMISTRY
Kinetic Energy
Is energy of motion
Examples
Hammering a nail
Water flowing over a dam
Working out
Boxing
Burning gasoline


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CHEMISTRY
Some Forms of Energy
Mechanical
Electrical
Thermal (heat)
Chemical
Radiant (light)
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CHEMISTRY
Laws of Conservation
Law of Conservation of Energy
During any ordinary chemical or physical change,
energy can be converted from one form to another,
but
energy is neither created nor destroyed

Law of Conservation of Matter (Mass)
During a chemical change there is no detectable
increase or decrease in the total quantity of matter.
mass is neither created nor destroyed

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
A. A car uses more fuel when the air
conditioner is on.
True (1) or False (2)
B. An apple hanging on a tree has potential
energy that can turn into both
mechanical
or chemical energy.
True (1) or False (2)
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CHEMISTRY
Solution
A. A car uses more fuel when the air
conditioner is on. True (1)

B. An apple hanging on a tree has potential
energy that can turn into both mechanical
or chemical energy. True(1)
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Temperature
Particles are always moving.
When you heat water, the water molecules
move faster.
When molecules move faster, the
substance gets hotter.
When a substance gets hotter, its
temperature goes up.

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CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
Suppose you place water in a freezer.
A. The water particles move
1) faster 2) slower 3) the same
B. The water will get
1) hotter 2) colder 3) stay the
same
C. The temperature of the water will be
1) higher 2) lower 3) the same
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
Suppose you place water in a freezer.
A. The water particles move
2) slower
B. The water will get
2) colder
C. The temperature of the water will be
2) lower
CHEMISTRY
Heat
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Heat
Energy that flows from something warm to
something cooler
A hotter substance gives KE to a cooler
one
When heat is transferred (lost or gained),
there is a change in the energy within the
substance

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
A. When you touch ice, heat is transferred
from
1) your hand to the ice
2) the ice to your hand

B. When you drink a hot cup of coffee, heat
is transferred from
1) your mouth to the coffee
2) the coffee to your mouth


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
A. When you touch ice, heat is transferred
from
1) your hand to the ice

B. When you drink a hot cup of coffee, heat
is transferred from
2) the coffee to your mouth


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
When you heat 200 g of water for 1 minute, the
water temperature rises from 10C to 18C.



If you heat 400 g of water at 10C in the same
pan with the same amount of heat for 1
minute, what would you expect the final
temperature to be?
1) 10 C 2) 14C 3) 18C
200 g
400 g
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CHEMISTRY
Solution
2)14C

Heating twice the mass of water using the
same amount of heat will raise the
temperature only half as much.
200 g
400 g
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Conversion of Units
Heat is measured in calories or joules
1 kcal = 1000 cal
1 calorie = 4.18J
1 kJ = 1000 J

The calorie (cal) is defined as the amount of heat required to raise or
lower the temperature of 1 gram (1 g) of water 1
0
C.


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CHEMISTRY
Specific Heat
Why do some foods stay hot longer than
others?
Why is the beach sand hot, but the water is
cool on the same hot day?
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CHEMISTRY
Specific Heat
Different substances have different
capacities for storing energy
It may take 20 minutes to heat water to
75C. However, the same mass of
aluminum might require 5 minutes and
the same amount of copper may take
only 2 minutes to reach the same
temperature.
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CHEMISTRY
Specific Heat Values
Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to
raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by
1C
cal/gC J/gC
water 1.00 4.18
aluminum 0.22 0.90
copper 0.093 0.39
silver 0.057 0.24
gold 0.031 0.13




CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
A. A substance with a large specific heat
1) heats up quickly 2) heats up slowly

B. When ocean water cools, the surrounding air
1) cools 2) warms 3) stays the same

C. Sand in the desert is hot in the day, and cool
at night. Sand must have a
1) high specific heat 2) low specific heat
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CHEMISTRY
Solution
A. A substance with a large specific heat
2) heats up slowly
B. When ocean water cools, the surrounding air
2) warms
C. Sand in the desert is hot in the day, and cool
at night. Sand must have a
2) low specific heat
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Factors that affect how much an object
absorbs or losses heat
mass of substance
Temperature change T
initial temperature
final temperature
Composition of an object
Specific heat of the substance (C)



CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Calculating Heat






e temperatur in change T
object an of capacity heat specif ic C
mass m
heat of amount Q
Where
T mC Q

:
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Heat Calculations
A hot-water bottle contains 750 g of
water at 65C. If the water cools to body
temperature (37C), how many calories
of heat could be transferred to sore
muscles?

Q = mCT
=( 750 g )(1.00 cal/gC )( 28C )
= 21,000 cal







CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
How many kcal are needed to raise the
temperature of 120 g of water from 15C to
75C?
1) 1.8 kcal
2) 7.2 kcal
3) 9.0 kcal
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CHEMISTRY
Solution
How many kcal are needed to raise the temperature of
120 g of water from 15C to 75C?

2) 7.2 kcal

120 g x (75C - 15C) x 1.00 cal x 1 kcal
gC 1000 cal
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CHEMISTRY
Energy and Nutrition

1 Calorie (nutritional) = 1 kcal
1 Cal = 1000 cal
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CHEMISTRY

Caloric Food Values


Carbohydrate = 4 kcal/g
Fat = 9 kcal/g
Protein = 4 kcal/g


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CHEMISTRY
Foods and Calories
Food Carbo Fat Protein Energy(kcal)
carrots,
1 cup 11 0 1 50
banana 26 0 1 110
Egg 0 6 6 80
chicken
(no skin) 0 3 20 110
beef (3 oz) 0 5 22 130
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
1.0 cup of whole milk contains 12 g of
carbohydrate, 9.0 g of fat, and 9.0 g of
protein. How many kcal (Cal) are
obtained?
1) 48 kcal
2) 81 kcal
3) 165 kcal
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
3) 165 kcal
12 g carbo x 4 kcal/g = 48 kcal
9.0 g fat x 9 kcal/g = 81 kcal
9.0 g protein x 4 kcal/g = 36 kcal

Total kcal = 165 kcal



CHEMISTRY
Heating and Cooling
Curves
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY

Heating Curve for Water

120 C

steam
100 C water steam



50C liquid water




0 C ice liquid

-10 C ice

Heat added

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CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
A. The flat lines on a heating curve represent
1) a temperature change
2) a constant temperature
3) a change of state
B. The sloped lines on a heating curve
represent
1) a temperature change
2) a constant temperature
3) a change of state



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CHEMISTRY
Solution
A. The flat lines on a heating curve
represent
2) a constant temperature
3) a change of state

B. The sloped lines on a heating curve
represent
1) a temperature change



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CHEMISTRY
Temperature Changes
T(1) beginning temp.1
T(1)
T(f) final temp of both
TC
T(2)


T(2) final temp. 2

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CHEMISTRY
Cooling Curve
Using the heating curve of water as a guide,
draw a cooling curve for water beginning
with steam at 110C and ending at -20C.
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CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
A. Water condenses at a temperature of
1) 0C 2) 50C 3) 100C
B. At a temperature of 0C, water
1) freezes 2) melts 3) changes to a gas
C. When a gas condenses, heat is
1) released 2) absorbed
D. Freezing is
1) endothermic 2) exothermic


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
A. Water condenses at a temperature of
3) 100C
B. At a temperature of 0C, water
1) freezes 2) melts
C. When a gas condenses, heat is
1) released
D. Freezing is
2) exothermic


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
Is energy absorbed (1) or released (2) in each
of the following:
____A. Ice to liquid water
____B. Water vapor to rain
____C. Water to ice
When it rains, the air becomes
1) warmer 2) cooler 3) does not change


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
Is energy absorbed (1) or released (2) in each of the
following:
_1__A. Ice to liquid water
_2__B. Water vapor to rain
_2__C. Water to ice
When it rains, the air becomes
1) warmer

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
Complete using the terms gains or loses
In the cooling coils of a refrigerator, liquid
Freon ___________ heat from the food and
changes to a gas
Food ___________heat and becomes colder
In the back of the refrigerator, Freon
_________ heat and condenses back to a
liquid


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
Complete using the terms gains or loses
In the cooling coils of a refrigerator, liquid Freon
absorbs heat from the food and changes to a gas
Food loses heat and becomes colder
In the back of the refrigerator, Freon loses heat
and condenses back to a liquid


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Combining Heat Calculations
To reduce a fever, an infant is packed in 1250 g
of ice. If the ice at 0C melts and warms to
body temperature (37.0C) how much heat in
joules is absorbed?


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Combining Heat Calculations
Step 1: Diagram the change of state


37C
T = 37.0C - 0C = 37.0C
0C S L


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CHEMISTRY
Step 2: Calculate the heat to melt ice
(fusion)
= 1250 g ice x 334 J
1 g ice
= 418,000 J

Step 3: Calculate the heat to warm the
water from 0C to 37C
= 1250 g x 37.0C x 4.18 J
g C
= 193,000 J


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CHEMISTRY
Total: Step 2 + Step 3
= 418,000 J + 193,000 J
= 611,000 J

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
A. Why do drops of liquid water form on a
glass of iced tea ?

B. When it snows, the air temperature seems
warmer. How can that be?

C. How much heat is needed to change 1.00
g of water at 0 to steam at 100C?
1) 540 cal 2) 640 cal 3) 720 cal
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
A. Why do drops of liquid water form on a glass of iced
tea?
Condensation of water in the air that cools
B. When it snows, the air temperature seems warmer.
How can that be?
Condensation is exothermic; heat is released.
C. How much heat is needed to change 10.0 g of water
at 0 to steam at 100C?
2) 640 cal
CHEMISTRY
Thanks for listening