UniMAP Sem II 09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 1

Week 1 Introduction
to Computers and Programming
Languages
(Part 1)
UniMAP Sem II 09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 2
General Information
Contributes 4 units:
2 hours lectures
4 hours labs
Main Objective:
Students can independently write, compile,
debug and execute computer programs to
solve problems, especially engineering
related problems.
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Course Outcomes
Ability to define and describe programming
concepts and principles.

Ability to apply programming techniques and tools
such as flowchart and pseudo code to design
computer programs.

Ability to apply GNU/Linux for coding, compiling,
executing and debugging computer programs.

Ability to solve engineering related problems using
computer programming techniques.


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Overall Evaluation
4 main components:
Theoretical Tests (2) => 50%
Lab Assignments (5) / Lab Test => 30%
Lab Project => 20%
Assignments are assessed individually
The two tests are written tests
Lab Project : Group of 3 students (max)
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References
Deitel & Deitel, Sudin, S., Ahmad, R. Badlishah, and
Yacob, Y., C How to Program, Pearson-Prentice
Hall, 2006.
Cheng, H., C for Engineers and Scientists,
McGraw Hill, 2010.
Hanly, J.R. and Koffman, E.B., C Program Design
for Engineers, 2
nd
Ed., Addison-Wesley, 2001.
ISBN : 0321204174



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Notes
This course is NOT about the language
per se, it is about problem solving,
analytical skills and to apply C to solve
problems.
Write C program in Linux environment.
Do early reading.
Do not hesitate to ask during lecture
sessions.

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Outline
Computer Fundamentals
Computer organization and hardware
Computer software
Programming Languages
Machine language
Assembly language
High-level language
Algorithm : pseudo code and flowchart
Control Structures
Simple C Program

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Computer Fundamentals
Computer system is divided into hardware
and software.
Hardware refers to physical components of
computer which are:
Main Memory
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Input Device
Output Device
Secondary Memory Device

Figure 1.1
The Intel Atom processor chip contains the full circuitry of a
central processing unit in an integrated circuit whose small size and
low power requirements make it suitable for use in mobile internet
devices. (Intel Corporation Pressroom Photo Archives)
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Figure 1.2

(a) Notebook Computer
(HP Pavilion dv5, Courtesy of
Hewlett-Packard).

(b) Palmtop Computer
(iPhone 3G, Courtesy of
Apple, Inc.)

(c) Desktop Computer
(iMac, Courtesy of Apple,
Inc.)
UniMAP Sem II 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming
Figure 1.3 Components of a Computer
UniMAP Sem II 09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming
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Computer Hardware
Input Device
Output Device
Secondary Memory
Control Unit
Arithmetic and
Logic Unit
Register
CPU
Main Memory
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU is the computers administrator and is
responsible for supervising the operation of
the other sections
Consists of two functional units; control unit
and arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)
Control unit supervises all activities of the
computer system
ALU performs basic arithmetic operations
and comparison operations
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Main Memory
keeps information from the input unit
also keeps processed information until it
can be placed on output devices
all programs must be loaded into main
memory before they can be executed
and all data must be brought into main
memory before it can be manipulated.
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Main Memory
Main memory can be further classified
into two types:
Random Access Memory (RAM)
information in RAM will be lost when the
computer is turned-off.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
It has been set during manufacturing process.
ROM usually contains instructions and
information considered to be fundamental to
the computer.

Figure 1.4
1000 Memory Cells in
Main Memory
UniMAP Sem II 09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming
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Secondary Memory
Main memory is only used during
processing following certain instructions
Permanent information is NOT stored in
main memory but is stored in secondary
memory
E.g. program file, data file, etc
E.g. hard disk, diskette, CD
Figure 1.5 Secondary Storage Media
UniMAP Sem II 09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming
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Input/Output Devices
Input devices - feed data and programs
into computers
E.g. keyboard, mouse, touch screen,
scanners
Output devices - display results
produced by computer
E.g. monitor, printer, speaker
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Software
As a complement to hardware,
computer system needs software to
solve problems.
Software are classified into :
System software
Application software
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Software
System software : manages the computer
and its peripheral devices (hardware)
E.g. Operating system (OS)
Text editor
Pre-processor
Language translator
Linker
Loader
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Software
Application software : performs specific tasks
There are two types:
Program to solve specific problems
Program written by user to solve specified
problem
E.g. word processor, desktop publishing
software, spreadsheets, database, graphics,
communication, programs perform specific
tasks such as accounting, scientific,
engineering, education, etc
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Programming Languages
Programming language is divided into
three categories:
Machine Language
Assembly Language
High-Level Language
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Machine Language
Language understood by the computer
Bunch of 0s and 1s
Program written in machine language can be
executed without being translated
Nevertheless, hard to learn because it is
written in 0s and 1s
Program is too long to solve simple problem
Machine-dependant and not portable
E.g.
0101 0001 1100 0100 1011 1000
0101 1000 0101 1001 1100 0111
Figure 1.6 Relationship Between a Byte and a Bit
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Assembly Language
Strings of 0s and 1s are replaced into
instructions which resemble English
language to represent computer
operation element
Easier to understand and write
E.g.
LOAD rate
MULT hour
STOR wages
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Assembly Language
Nevertheless, needs language translator
called Assembler to change Assembly
Language to Machine Code for
execution purpose
still too long and not portable
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High-Level Language
Improves weaknesses in Machine Language
and Assembly Language
Portable
Written in one instruction to carry out several
instructions in machine level
E.g. discount_price = price discount;
Must be changed to machine code before
executed, needs compiler : a system software
that translates source program to object
program
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Algorithms
The solution to any computing problem involves
executing series of actions in a specific order
Pseudo code : artificial and informal language that
helps programmers develop algorithms
E.g.
if students grade is greater than or equal to 50
Print Pass
else
Print Fail
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Algorithms
Flowchart: visual-form of an algorithm
E.g.
Process 2
Decision
Data
Process 1
Begin
End
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Algorithm-Basic symbols in a
flowchart
Start/End
Process
Input/Output
Decision
Flow
direction
Connector
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Flowchart-(example)
Start
read num1, num2
sum=num1+num2
print sum
End
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TRY THIS!!!
Write a pseudo code, flowchart and program that
calculates and prints the SUM of two integers A and B.
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Pseudo code

Begin
Input A and B
Calculate A + B
Print result of SUM
End

Flowchart
Begin
Input
A,B
Calculate
A + B
Print SUM
End
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Control Structure
All programs could be written in terms
of three control structures:
Sequence structure
Selection structure
Repetition structure
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Sequence Structure
Is a series of steps executed
sequentially by default


Read num1, num2
Calculate total=num1+num2
Print total

Pseudo code Flowchart
Read num1, num2
total = num1+num2
print total
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Selection Structure
Used to choose among alternative
courses of action
C has three types: if, if..else, and
switch

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The if Selection Structure
if structure is a single-entry/single-
exit structure
true

false

grade >= 60

print Pass



If students grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print Pass
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The if..else Selection
Structure
Specifies an action to be performed
both when the condition is true and
when it is false





true

false

print Fail

print Pass

grade >= 60

If students grade is greater than or equal
to 60
Print Pass
else
Print Fail
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Repetition Structure
Specifies a block of one or more
statements that are repeatedly
executed until a condition is satisfied
Three types : while, for,
do-while
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The while Repetition
Structure
Programmer specifies an action is to be
repeated while some conditions remain true
product <= 1000

product = 2 * product

true

false



While product is less than or equal 1000
calculate product=2 * product
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Basics of a Typical C Program
Development Environment
Figure 1.7 Entering,
Translating,
and Running
a High-Level Language
Program
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Figure 1.8 Flow of Information During Program
Execution
UniMAP Sem II 09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming
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Simple C Program: Program to add two numbers
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int A, B, SUM;
printf (input first integer \n);
scanf (%d, &A)
printf (input second integer \n);
scanf (%d, &B)

SUM = A + B;

printf (Sum is %d\n, SUM);
return 0;
}

OUTPUT
Input first integer
39
Input second integer
27
Sum is 66
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End Week 1 Session 1
Q & A!