UniMAP Sem II - 09/10 EKT120 : Computer Programming 1

Lecture 7 Arrays (1)

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Outline
1. Introduction
2. Arrays of Data
3. Array Declaration
4. Array Initialization
5. Operations on Array
6. Multidimensional Arrays
7. Index out of bound
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What is an Array?
The variables that we have used so far have all
common characteristics:
Each variable could only store a single value at a
time.
Example:
int count, length, num;
double average, total;
char selection, choice;
An array is a collection of a fixed number of
components wherein all of the components are of the
same type

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What is an Array? (Example)
Example: Let us work with a list of five
integers:
5, 10, 15, 20, and 25.
Previously we would declare five
variables:
int num1, num2, num3, num4, num5;
By using array, since they are all of the
same data type, we could just write:
int num[5];

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What is an Array? (Example)
5
10
15
20
25
num
num[0]
num[1]
num[2]
num[3]
num[4]
5 components or elements in
this array.

Elements are referred to index.

Element num[2] has index 2
and value 15.


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Arrays of Data
Engineering applications usually involve large
chunk of data (of common type)
Arrays provide easy and efficient concept for
data storage or management
Arrays are usually processed through loops
(processing is very common)
Arrays are accessed by indicating an address
or index
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Arrays in C
Arrays can assume any type (including
the primitive data types)
int, char, string, double, float, etc.
Like any other instances, arrays must
be declared before use.

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Array Declaration
Format:
data_type array_name[int value];
Example:
int list[5];
const int Max_List_Size = 10;
int hours[Max_List_Size];
const int SIZE = 100;
double amount[SIZE];
const int Max_List_Size = 6;
char alphas[Max_List_Size];
#define N 10
double b[N];
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Multiple Instances vs. Array
// multiple instance
int value1, value2, value3;

printf (Enter first value: );
scanf (%d, &value1);

printf(Enter second value: );
scanf(%d, &value2);

printf (Enter third value: );
scanf(%d, &value3);

// process or display
// array
int valueArray[3];

for(int count=0;count<3;count++)
{
printf (Enter value : );
printf (%d : , count+1);
scanf (%d, &valueArray[count]);
}

// process or display
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Arrays - Memory Allocation
Arrays are allocated
bulk memory
Single reference used
for multiple locations
Items are accessed
based on index
(address) with
reference to first item
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Arrays Arithmetic
Operations on arrays are similar to that
on basic variables.
sum = num[0] + num[1] + num[2] +
num[3];
mult = 3 * num[1];
remainder = num[3] % 3;
total = num[1] * num[2];
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Array Initialization
Arrays can be initialized directly, but assignments are
done using loops
Like any other simple variable, arrays can also be
initialized while they are being declared.
double sales[5] = {12.25, 32.50, 16.90, 23, 45.68};
sales[0]=12.25, sales[1]= 32.50, sales[2]=16.90,
sales[3]= 23.00, sales[4]=45.68;


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Array Initialization (cont)
Initializers:
If not enough initializers, rightmost element becomes 0
int n[ 7 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; => n[5] = n[6] = 0
All elements = 0
int n[ 5 ] = { 0 } ;
If size is omitted, initializers determine the size
int n[ ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
5 initializers, therefore 5 element array

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Sample Program
#include <stdio.h>
int main()

{
int a[3]= {11,22}, b[]={44, 55, 66},i;
double x[2],y[10];

printf("a[0]=%2d, a[1]=%2d, a[2]=%2d \n"
"b[0]=%2d, b[1]=%2d, b[2]=%2d \n\n",
a[0],a[1],a[2],b[0],b[1],b[2]);

printf("Please enter two real numbers\n");
scanf("%lf %lf",&x[0], &x[1]);
printf("x[0] = %.1lf x[1] = %.1lf\n\n", x[0], x[1]);

for (i=0;i<10;i++)
{
y[i]= i*100.0;
printf("y[%1d]=%.2lf\n", i, y[i]);
}
return 0;
}
Using a loop to fill all the
elements of the y[] array.
Initializes the first 2 elements of the
a[]array. All the other elements are then
automatically set to zero
Because no array size is given (the
brackets are empty) and three values are
given in braces, the array is
automatically declared to have a size of
3 with the value shown being the initial
element values.
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Sample Program
Output:

a[0]=11, a[1]=22, a[2]= 0
b[0]=44, b[1]=55, b[2]=66

Please enter two real numbers
77.0 88.0
x[0] = 77.0 x[1] = 88.0

y[0]=0.00
y[1]=100.00
y[2]=200.00
y[3]=300.00
y[4]=400.00
y[5]=500.00
y[6]=600.00
y[7]=700.00
y[8]=800.00
y[9]=900.00
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Array Initialization During
Declaration
When declaring and initializing arrays, it is
not necessary to specify the size of the
array.
The size of the array is determined by the
number of initial values in the braces.
double sales[] = {12.25, 32.50, 16.90, 23, 45.68};
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A simple example
The program declares and initializes the
array y. It uses a for loop with index i to
access the successive elements of y. For
each loop iteration, the value accessed id is
added to the variable total which is finally
displayed. Note that the loop index i starts
from 0 to 4 (not from 1 to 5). Also, note that
the array size n is declared in the define
statement.
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A simple example (cont..)
#include<stdio.h>
#define n 5 // define number of n in the array

void main()
{
int i, total = 0; // variable declaration
int y[n]={9,6,20,5,12}; // array declaration and
// initialization
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
total = total + y[i];
printf ("\nTotal = %d\n, total);
}
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Notes
The defined constants, #define is used to ease
any future amendments of the codes, for
instance, if the array is to be widen to an n of 10
instead of 5, it would be adequate by modifying
the line:
#define n 5 #define n 10
there is no need to make any other changes to
the program, thus making the life of programmer
easier.
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Operations on Array
Reading data in an array
for (index = 0; index < 10; index++)
scanf (%d, &sale[index]);

Printing an array
for (index = 0; index < 10; index++)
printf (%d , sale[index]);

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Parallel Arrays
Two (or more) arrays are called
parallel if their corresponding
components hold related information.
int student_Id[50];
char student_Grade[50];
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Multi-Dimensional Arrays
Arrays can have multiple dimensions
Most used is the 2-dimensional array
(for matrix implementation)
Actual implementation is a single array
(segmented)
Nested loop structure usually used to
access items
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2-Dimensional Array
(Example)
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Multi-Dimensional Arrays
(cont..)
A collection of the same type of data
stored in contiguous and increasing
memory locations.
Declaration of multi-dimensional array:

int b[2][3] = {51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56};
array_type array_name Array dimension = 2
two rows
three columns first row
initial values
second row
initial values
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Multi-Dimensional Arrays
(cont..)
Multi-dimensional array can be initialized
directly in the declaration statement.
For example:
int b[2][3] = {51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56};
which initializes the elements to be
b[0][0] = 51 b[0][1] = 52 b[0][2] = 53
b[1][0] = 54 b[1][1] = 55 b[1][2] = 56
* note that C begins its subscripts at 0. The
rightmost subscript is incremented first.
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Multi-Dimensional Arrays
(cont..)
can use braces ({ }) to separate rows in 2-dimensional arrays.
For example:
int c [4][3] = {{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6},
{7, 8, 9},
{10,11,12}};
int c [4][3] = {{1, 2},
{4, 5, 6},
{7},
{10,11,12}};
initializes c[0][2], c[2][1] and c[2][2] to be zero
int c [ ][3] = {{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6},
{7, 8, 9},
{10,11,12}};
implicitly declares the number of rows to be 4

4 rows
3 columns
rows
columns
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Notes on Arrays
Arrays enable better and easier data
management system
Closely related to loops
Indexing is zero-based
(0 to n-1 for an array with n locations)
Multi-dimensional arrays require
nested loop structure
(e.g. 2-dimensional array)
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Index out of bounds
Out of bounds is when (index < 0) or
(index > arraySize - 1)
It is a run-time error, happens when an
index is outside the valid boundaries of
the array. Example:
int a[10]; int x = 10
a[9] = 3 ; //ok
a[x] = 4 ; //10 is not within the range 0..9

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Index out of bound
In C, no guard against this problem
Does not check whether index value is
within range or not
Can result in accessing data of wrong
memory location
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How to overcome?
Use defined loops

for (i = 0; i < 10; i ++)
list [ i ] = 0;
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End Arrays (1)
Q & A!