Mobile Handset Cellular

Network
Cellular Network Basics
There are many types of cellular services; before delving
into details, focus on basics helps navigate the !acronym
soup"#
Cellular network$telephony is a radio%based technology;
radio waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas
propagate
Most signals are in the &'( MH), *(( MH), +&(( MH), and
+*(( MH) fre,uency bands
Cell phones operate in this frequency
range (note the logarithmic scale)
Cellular Network

Base stations transmit to and receive from

mobiles at the assigned spectrum
Multiple base stations use the same spectrum spectral
reuse#

The service area of each base station is called a

cell

-ach mobile terminal is typically served by the

.closest/ base stations
Hando0 when terminals move
Cellular Network
1enerations

2t is useful to think of cellular

Network$telephony in terms of generations3

(13 Briefcase%si)e mobile radio telephones

+13 Analog cellular telephony

413 Digital cellular telephony

513 High-speed digital cellular telephony

including video telephony#

613 27%based !anytime, anywhere" voice, data,

and multimedia telephony at faster data rates
than 51
to be deployed in 4(+484(+'#
-volution of Cellular
Networks
+1 41 51 61 49'1
The Multiple :ccess 7roblem

The base stations need to serve

many mobile terminals at the same
time both downlink and uplink#

:ll mobiles in the cell need to

transmit to the base station

2nterference among di0erent senders

and receivers

;o we need multiple access scheme

Multiple :ccess ;chemes

<re,uency =ivision Multiple :ccess <=M:#

Time =ivision Multiple :ccess T=M:#

Code =ivision Multiple :ccess C=M:#

5 orthogonal ;chemes3
<re,uency =ivision Multiple
:ccess
-ach mobile is assigned a separate fre,uency channel for the
duration of the call
;u>cient guard band is re,uired to prevent ad?acent channel
interference
@sually, mobile terminals will have one downlink fre,uency
band and one uplink fre,uency band
=i0erent cellular network protocols use di0erent fre,uencies
<re,uency is a precious and scare resource9 Ae are running
out of it
Cognitive radio
fre,uency
Time =ivision Multiple
:ccess
Time is divided into slots and only one mobile terminal
transmits during each slot
Bike during the lecture, only one can talk, but others may take
the Coor in turn
-ach user is given a speciDc slot9 No competition in cellular
network
@nlike Carrier ;ensing Multiple :ccess C;M:# in Ai<i
1uard time 8 signal transmitted by
mobile terminals at di0erent
locations do no arrive at the base
station at the same time
Code =ivision Multiple
:ccess

@se of orthogonal codes to separate di0erent

transmissions

-ach symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger

number of bits using the user speciDc code 8
;preading
Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than
the information transmission rate
But all users use the same fre,uency band together
Erthogonal among
users
411;M#
1;M

:bbreviation for 1lobal ;ystem for

Mobile Communications

Concurrent development in @;: and

-urope in the +*&(/s

The -uropean system was called

1;M and deployed in the early
+**(/s
1;M ;ervices

Foice, 59+ kH)

;hort Message ;ervice ;M;#

+*&' 1;M standard that allows messages of at most +G(
chars9 incl9 spaces# to be sent between handsets and other
stations
Ever 496 billion people use it; multi%billion H industry

1eneral 7acket Iadio ;ervice 17I;#

1;M upgrade that provides 27%based packet data
transmission up to ++6 kbps
@sers can !simultaneously" make calls and send data
17I; provides !always on" 2nternet access and the
Multimedia Messaging ;ervice MM;# whereby users can
send rich teJt, audio, video messages to each other
7erformance degrades as number of users increase
17I; is an eJample of 49'1 telephony 8 41 service similar
to 51
1;M Channels

7hysical Channel3 -ach timeslot on a carrier is referred

to as a physical channel
Bogical Channel3 Fariety of information is transmitted
between the M; and BT;9 =i0erent types of logical
channels3

Tra>c channel
Control Channel
Downlink
Uplink
Chann
els
1;M <re,uencies

Eriginally designed on *((MH) range, now

also available on &((MH), +&((MH) and
+*(( MH) ranges9

;eparate @plink and =ownlink fre,uencies

Ene eJample channel on the +&(( MH)

fre,uency band, where I< carriers are space
every 4(( MH)
1710 MHz 1880 MHz 1805 MHz 1785 MHz
UPLINK FREQUENCIES DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES
UPLINK ND DOWNLINK FREQUENC! SEPR"ED #! $5MH%
1;M :rchitecture
Mobile ;tation M;#

M; is the user/s handset and has two

parts

Mobile -,uipment

Iadio e,uipment

@ser interface

7rocessing capability and memory re,uired

for various tasks
Call signalling
-ncryption
;M;

-,uipment 2M-2 number

;ubscriber 2dentity Module

;ubscriber 2dentity Module

: small smart card

-ncryption codes needed to identify the

subscriber

;ubscriber 2M;2 number

;ubscriber/s own information telephone

directory#

Third party applications banking etc9#

Can also be used in other systems besides 1;M,

e9g9, some AB:N access points accept ;2M based
user authentication
Base ;tation ;ubsystem

Base Transceiver ;ystem BT;#

Controls several transmitters

-ach transmitter has & time slots, some used for

signaling, on a speciDc fre,uency

Base ;tation Controller B;C#

Controls the channel time slot# allocation

implemented by the BT;es

Manages the handovers within B;; area

Knows which mobile stations are within the cell and

informs the M;C$FBI about this

Transcoding Iate and :daptation @nit TI:@#

7erforms coding between the G6kbps 7CM coding

used in the backbone network and the +5 kbps
coding used for the Mobile ;tation M;#
Network and ;witching
;ubsystem

The backbone of a 1;M network is a telephone

network with additional cellular network capabilities

Mobile ;witching Center M;C#

:n typical telephony eJchange 2;=N eJchange# which
supports mobile communications
Fisitor Bocation Iegister FBI#
: database, part of the M;C
Contains the location of the active Mobile ;tations

1ateway Mobile ;witching Center 1M;C#

Binks the system to 7;TN and other operators

Home Bocation Iegister HBI#

Contain subscriber information, including authentication
information in :uthentication Center :uC#

-,uipment 2dentity Iegister -2I#

2nternational Mobile ;tation -,uipment 2dentity 2M-2#
codes for e9g9, blacklisting stolen phones
Home Bocation Iegister

Ene database per operator

Contains all the permanent subscriber information

M;2;=N Mobile ;ubscriber 2;=N number# is the
telephone number of the subscriber
2nternational Mobile ;ubscriber 2dentity 2M;2# is a +'
digit code used to identify the subscriber
2t incorporates a country code and operator code

2M;2 code is used to link the M;2;=N number to the

subscriber/s ;2M ;ubscriber 2dentity Module#
Charging information

;ervices available to the customer

:lso the subscriber/s present Bocation :rea Code,

which refers to the M;C, which can connect to the
M;9
Ether ;ystems

Eperations ;upport ;ystem

The management network for the whole 1;M

network

@sually vendor dependent

Fery loosely speciDed in the 1;M standards

Falue added services

Foice mail

Call forwarding

1roup calls

;hort Message ;ervice Center

;tores and forwards the ;M; messages

Bike an -%mail server

Ie,uired to operate the ;M; services

Bocation @pdates

The cells overlap and usually a mobile

station can .see/ several transceivers
BT;es#

The M; monitors the identiDer for the B;C

controlling the cells

Ahen the mobile station reaches a new

B;C/s area, it re,uests an location update

The update is forwarded to the M;C,

entered into the FBI, the old B;C is notiDed
and an acknowledgement is passed back
Hando0 Handover#

Ahen a call is in process, the changes in

location need special processing

Aithin a B;;, the B;C, which knows the

current radio link conDguration including
feedbacks from the M;#, prepares an
available channel in the new BT;

The M; is told to switch over to the new

BT;

This is called a hard hando0

2n a soft hando0, the M; is connected to two

BT;es simultaneously
Ioaming

Ahen a M; enters another operators

network, it can be allowed to use the
services of this operator

Eperator to operator agreements and

contracts

Higher billing

The M; is identiDed by the information in

the ;2M card and the identiDcation re,uest
is forwarded to the home operator

The home HBI is updated to reCect the M;/s

current location
51, 59'1 and 61 BT-#
51 Everview

51 is created by 2T@%T and is called

2MT%4(((
-volution from 41
IS-95
IS-136 & PDC
GSM-
EDGE
GPRS
HSCSD
IS-95B
Cdma2000-1xRTT
Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO
Cdma2000-3xRTT
W-CDMA
EDGE
TD-SCDMA
2G
3G
25G
3GPP 3GPP2
;ervice Ioadmap
Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery
Typical
average bit
rates
(peak rates
higher)
WEB !"#$%&'(
C#")#"a*+ da*a a,,+%%
S*"+am&'( a-d&#./&d+#
V#&,+ & SMS
P"+%+',+.0#,a*&#'
xHTM1 !"#$%&'(
A))0&,a*&#' d#$'0#ad&'(
E-ma&0
MMS )&,*-"+ . /&d+#
M-0*&*a%2&'(
3G-specific services take
advantage of higher bandwidth
and/or real-time o!
3G-specific services take
advantage of higher bandwidth
and/or real-time o!
" n#mber of mobile
services are bearer
independent in nat#re
" n#mber of mobile
services are bearer
independent in nat#re
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1;M -volution to 51
&SM
*9Gkbps one
timeslot#
1;M =ata
:lso called C;=
&SM
&'n'()l P)*k'+ R),io S'(-i*'.
=ata rates up to L ++' kbps
MaJ3 & timeslots used as any one time
7acket switched; resources not tied up all the
time
Contention based9 ->cient, but variable
delays
1;M $ 17I; core network re%used by AC=M:
51#
&PRS
HSCSD
Hi/0 Sp'', Ci(*1i+ Swi+*0', D)+)
=edicate up to 6 timeslots for data connection
L '( kbps
1ood for real%time applications c9w9 17I;
2ne>cient %M ties up resources, even when
nothing sent
Not as popular as 17I; many skipping H;C;=#
ED&E
En0)n*', D)+) R)+'. 2o( &lo3)l
E-ol1+ion
@ses &7;K modulation
5J improvement in data rate on short
distances
Can fall back to 1M;K for greater
distances
Combine with 17I; -17I;# L 5&6 kbps
Can also be combined with H;C;=
WCDM
@MT;

@niversal Mobile Telecommunications

;ystem @MT;#

@MT; is an upgrade from 1;M via 17I; or

-=1-

The standardi)ation work for @MT; is carried

out by Third 1eneration 7artnership 7ro?ect
5177#

=ata rates of @MT; are3

+66 kbps for rural

5&6 kbps for urban outdoor

4(6& kbps for indoor and low range outdoor

Firtual Home -nvironment FH-#

@MT; <re,uency ;pectrum

@MT; Band

+*((%4(4' MH) and 4++(%44(( MH) for 51

transmission

2n the @;, +O+(8+O''MH) and 4++(8

4+''MH) will be used instead, as the
+*((MH) band was already used9
@MT; :rchitecture
SD
)obile !tation
MSC.
V1R
4ase !tation
!#bsystem
GMSC
5etwork !#bsystem
A5C EIR H1R
6ther 5etworks
6#*+7 I'*+"8a,+% 3a/+ !++' #m&**+d 8#" ,0a"&*4 )-")#%+%
GGS6
SGS6
BTS
BSC
6#d+
B
R6C
RNS
7T."5
SIM
ME
5SIM
ME
9
PST6
P1M6
I'*+"'+*
@MT; Network :rchitecture

@MT; network architecture consists of

three domains

Core Network CN#3 7rovide switching, routing

and transit for user tra>c

@MT; Terrestrial Iadio :ccess Network

@TI:N#3 7rovides the air interface access
method for user e,uipment9

@ser -,uipment @-#3 Terminals work as air

interface counterpart for base stations9 The
various identities are3 2M;2, TM;2, 7%TM;2, TBB2,
M;2;=N, 2M-2, 2M-2;F
@TI:N

Aide band C=M: technology is selected for

@TI:N air interface

AC=M:

T=%;C=M:

Base stations are referred to as Node%B and

control e,uipment for Node%B is called as Iadio
Network Controller INC#9

<unctions of Node%B are

:ir 2nterface TJ$IJ
Modulation$=emodulation

<unctions of INC are3

Iadio Iesource Control
Channel :llocation
7ower Control ;ettings
Handover Control
Ciphering
;egmentation and reassembly
59'1 H;7:#
High ;peed 7acket :ccess H;7:# is an amalgamation of
two mobile telephony protocols, High ;peed =ownlink
7acket :ccess H;=7:# and High ;peed @plink 7acket
:ccess H;@7:#, that eJtends and improves the
performance of eJisting AC=M: protocols
59'1 introduces many new features that will enhance
the @MT; technology in future9 +J-F%=F already
supports most of the features that will be provided in
59'19 These include3
% :daptive Modulation and Coding
% <ast ;cheduling
% Backward compatibility with 51
% -nhanced :ir 2nterface
61 BT-#

BT- stands for Bong Term -volution

NeJt 1eneration mobile broadband

technology

7romises data transfer rates of +((

Mbps

Based on @MT; 51 technology

Eptimi)ed for :ll%27 tra>c

:dvantages of BT-
Comparison of BT- ;peed
Ma?or BT- Iadio Technogies

@ses Erthogonal <re,uency =ivision

MultipleJing E<=M# for downlink

@ses ;ingle Carrier <re,uency =ivision

Multiple :ccess ;C%<=M:# for uplink

@ses Multi%input Multi%outputM2ME#

for enhanced throughput

Ieduced power consumption

Higher I< power ampliDer e>ciency

less battery power used by handsets#
BT- :rchitecture
BT- vs @MT;

<unctional changes compared to the

current @MT; architecture
C).' S+1,4
Mo3ili+45
Do13l'6E,/', Swo(,
2o( HSP N'+wo(k.
Fung Po Tso, City University of Hong Kong
Jin Teng, hio !tate University
"ei#ia Jia, City University of Hong Kong
Dong $uan, hio !tate University
ACM Mobihoc10
ConteJt
-volved hardware
technologies
P
2mproved network bandwidth
Q
-ntertainment apps on
mobile
66 MobiHoc R+(
ConteJt
6' MobiHoc R+(
W0'n 4o1 )(' NO" 7o3il'8 4o1 1.'
ConteJt
MobiHoc R+( 6G
W0'n 4o1 )(' 7o3il'8 4o1
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ConteJt
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Million. o2 p)..'n/'(. p'( ,)49
ConteJt
6& MobiHoc R+(
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7o3il' 1.'(.
on p13li*
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pictures/ source3 Aikipedia
HSP No,' #
HSP No,' #
Eutline

Measurement Methodology

1eneral 2mpact of Mobility

Mobility 2mpact on Bandwidth

;haring

Mobility 2mpact in Transitional Iegion

Conclusion
MobiHoc R+( 6*
Measurement Ioutes
"4p' -'()/'
Sp'',
Hi/0'.+
Sp'',
C0)()*+'(i.+i*.
Trains 6( kmh +(( kmh ;urface ground
;ubways 5( kmh &( kmh @nderground
;elf%driving
Fehicles S
Buses
'( S 5(
kmh
&( kmh ;urface ground
<erries &( kmh *( kmh ;ea, ;urface ground
'( MobiHoc R+(
Measurement Ioute
'+ MobiHoc R+(
O-'( 100 k7 in ; 7on+0.
Measurement ;etup

Two ;ervers3

Bab S =ata Center

Three types of
evaluations3

download only;
upload only;
simultaneous
download S
upload9
'4 MobiHoc R+(
1eneral 2mpact of Mobility

: large spread of H;=7: bit rates and

signal ,uality
'5 MobiHoc R+(
ConteJt
'6 MobiHoc R+(
Co%%on &ie'( )obility is irrelevant, if not
detri%ental, to the fairness in H!PA
band'idth sharing a%ong users
Ebservation3 The bandwidth sharing
practice in stationary H;7:
environments is unfair9 2n contrast,
mobility surprisingly improves fairness
of bandwidth sharing fairer#9
Bandwidth ;haring among
@sers

Mobility actually improves the

fairness of bandwidth sharing among
users
'' MobiHoc R+(
Bandwidth ;haring among
@sers

@- can hardly keep its dominancy

under rapid change of radio
environment9

Mobile nodes may see better signal

,uality at new locations

Cell to cell based scheduling

algorithm prevent unfairness from
propagating
'G MobiHoc R+(
ConteJt
'O MobiHoc R+(
Co%%on &ie'( )obility a*e+ts all ,o's
e-ually. And TCP ,o's su*er %ore than UDP
ones
Ebservation3 TC7 Cows uneJpectedly
see much better performance during
mobility than @=7 Cows9
Bandwidth ;haring among Tra>c
<lows

TC7 Cows see better performance

during mobility
'& MobiHoc R+(
Bandwidth ;haring among Tra>c
<lows

TC7 tra>c is much constrained and

adaptive to the channel condition,
while @=7 tra>c keeps pumping
almost the same amount of data
regardless of the channel condition
'* MobiHoc R+(
ConteJt
G( MobiHoc R+(
Co%%on &ie'( Hando*s are triggered in the
transitional region bet'een +ells and al'ays
result in a better 'ireless +onne+tion
Ebservation3 Nearly 5(T of all hando0s,
selection of a base station with poorer
signal ,uality can be witnessed
Mobility 2mpact in Transitional
Iegions

throughput often
drops sharply,
and sometimes,
as high as *(T
during hando0
period9
G+ MobiHoc R+(
Mobility 2mpact in Transitional
Iegions

-c$2o of the new

base stations are
statistically better
than the original
base stations by
+(dBm9

But almost 5(T

of all the hando0s
do not end up
with a better
base stations
G4 MobiHoc R+(
Conclusion

Mobility is a double edged sword

=egrades H;7: services, e9g9

throughput

2mproves fairness in bandwidth

allocation among users and tra>c Cows

Communication characteristics in
H;7: transitional regions are very
complicated
MobiHoc R+( G5
:cknowledgement

7art of the slides are adapted from

the slides of 7osco Tso, Harish
Fishwanath, -rran Bi and Uustino
Borenco, ;aro Felra?an and TCB 2ndia