MATERIALS

USED IN
TALL STRUCTERES

Prepared by
Sonawane Sandip P.
06MCL019

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 Materials Used in Tall structures

 RCC
 HPC
 FRC
 Prestressed concrete.

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 RCC

 Although RCC began around the turn of century, it

does not appear to have been used for multistory high
rise buildings until 1930.

 After world war two the construction of High Rise

Buildings commenced with radically new structural and
Architectural solutions.

 In 1903 the first high rise building was built in

Cincinnati.

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 Start of R.C.C. in High rise Building

 In 1903 the first high rise

building was built in Cincinnati
Cincinnati.
 Official name- Ingalls Building.
 City - Cincinnati.
 State - Ohio.
 Country - U.S.A.
 Height - 65m
 Floors - 16
 Construction – 1903

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 RCC

• What is RCC?

• Why it is used?

• Cost of reinforcement .

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 Types of Reinforcement

 Upto 1960, Indian construction industry using 250 MPa mild steel for
concrete reinforcement.

 Attempts to increase the yield strength by conventional method of

increasing carbon content is result in reducing Ductility, Bendability of
bars.

 In 1970, CTD bars introduced as product of cold Twisting technology to

overcome strength, Ductility problem where carbon content restricted
to low level and proof strength was increased from 250MPa to
Guaranteed value of 415 MPA by cold twisting, bond strength was
increased by ribbing pattern.

 TMT bars are recent technological advancement for production of High

strength Deformed steel bars. Process of Thermomechanical treatment
increases strength, ductility.

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Classification and Identification of Bars

 HYSD bars have no clearly marked yield point & which exhibit brittle failure
(ie. Failure occuring before reaching an elongation of less than (3-4)%

 Ribbed bars are in grades of Fe250, Fe 415, Fe 500 & Fe550

 The bar can be distinguished by surface deformation, grade marking by

colour code is difficult.

 Bars less than 12mm dia. Are produced in two ribbed design while thw bars
over 12 mm dia. Produced in four ribbed design.

 Grade Fe500 bars can be identified by presence of * after every

300mm,other bars do not have such marks.

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TMT bar CTD bar

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 Properties of steel reinforcement

1.Tensile strength-
Fe415- 10% higher than actual 0.2% proof stress or 485 MPa
Fe500- 8% higher than actual 0.2% proof stress or 545MPa.

2. Bond strength-Bond between steel and concrete depend directly on

the deformations over bars.
Slipping chara. On HYSD bars indicate that slip of 0.1mm
corrosponds to bond strength almost 3 to 4 times of plain round bar.

3. Ductility- Is very important criteria for desired performance of R.C.

member especially during Earthquake.
Elongation at rupture over standard gauge length is accepted to be
an index for ductility quality, percentage elongation should never
less than 14.5% for any steel.

4. Bendability- This is an important criteria for reinforcing bars in view

of bending of bars,which are frequently required during
fabrication.This in turn directly related to ductility of member.
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 Contd…

 Fatigue strength- Reinforced concrete member subjected to

alternating loads producing minimum and maximum stresses of
sufficiently high intensity may fail due to fatigue in steel.
Maximum repetitive stress that can be sustained by the steel section
without failure for 2 million load cycles is commonly accepted as a
measure of Fatigue strength.

 Fire resistance- RCC structures subjected to fire get severely

affected when the temp of the reinforcing steel exceeds 500-600
deg. Celsius.
around this temp proof strength of HYSD bars reduces to 250MPa

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 Tall buildings
1.Name – Garden Towers
Structural design- Taisei construction co.
Date of completion- July 1992
No. of storey - 39
Height - 125.3m
Max grade used - 60MPa

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 Contd…

 Name- The scene Johoku

 Structural design- Shimizu construction co.
 No. of storey- 45
 Height - 160m
 Grade used - M60
 Completion - 1993

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 Code of practice for concrete reinforcement

 IS 432 - mild steel and medium tensile steel bars (part1)

and hard drawn steel wire (part 2).

 IS 1139- Hot rolled mild steel, medium tensile steel and

high yield strength steel for concrete reinforce.

 IS 1786- High strength deformed steel bars with wires for

for concrete reinforcement.

 IS 2502- Bending and fixing of bars for concrete reinforcement.

 IS 5525- Recommendations for detailing of reinforcement in R.C. work.
 IS 6461- Glossary of terms relating to cement concrete reinforcement.
 IS 1566- Hard drawn steel wire fabric for concrete reinforcement.

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 High performance concrete

 Initially compressive strength of concrete is considered as

the most important parameter to classify concrete.

 However it has been realized at a later stage with

experience that the strength is not the only important
parameter but Durability, workability of concrete are also
important for structure.

 This led to the evolution of concept of H.P.C.

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 HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

• As per ACI Concrete which meets special performance and uniformity

requirements that can not be always achieved routinely by using
conventional methods, normal mixing and curing practices.

• According to Neville “ H.P.C. is concrete selected so far to meet

for the
purpose for which it is used. No unusual ingredients are needed
and no
special equipment has to used, all it requires is the
understanding of the
behavior of concrete and will to produce the concrete mix within
close
tolerances.

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• What makes the concrete as H.P.C. is the very low w/c ratio.
Always below 0.35, often around 0.25 & occasionally around 0.20.

• High performance concrete requires low volume of pores.

• Only way to have low volume of pores is for mix to contain particles
grade down to finest size.

• This is achieved by using admixtures.

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 Quantities of cementitious materials

 Determination of optimum quantity of cement and mineral

admixture is extremely important in designing the HPC mix
 This is not only required for cost reduction but also for
enhancement of the quality of concrete.

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 Types of Admixtures used in H.P.C.

 Mineral Admixtures used in H.P.C.

1.Silica fume
2.fly ash
3.GGBS
4.Metakaoline

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 M60 grade H.P.C.Mix with different mineral Admixtures

Sr. No. Mix Descriptions Aggregate Cementitious Water W/Cm SP Colour

Kg/M^3 materials (Kg/M3) (Kg/M3) (% by wt

Coarse Fine Cement Mineral of cement)

Admixture

(%by wt of

cement)
1H.P.C.- Control mix 1199.2 685.7 500 150.9 0.3 1.25Light grey

2H.P.C.- HRM 1188.2 679.4 425 10 163.6 0.35 1.5Off White

3H.P.C.-SF 1162.5 676.3 425 10 163.6 0.35 1.25Light grey

4H.P.C.-PFA 1059.3 653 333.3 50 166.7 0.325 1.25Off White

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 Properties of H.P.C. mixes

Parameters mixes

H.P.C.- CM H.P.C.- HRM H.P.C.-SF H.P.C.-PFA H.P.C.-GGBS

Fresh concrete

Density (Kg/M3) 2579 2545 2531 2499 2534

slump (mm) 150 165 170 200 180

Hardened concrete

Strength( Mpa) 73.5 77 70.5 69.3 73.3

Split Tensile Strength(Mpa) 0 4.5 4.55 3.68 4.36

Note: Properties at 28 days

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 Chemical Admixtures used in HPC

 Superplasticizers
1.SMF
2.SNF
3.ASTM F-type
 Optimum dosage of superplasticizer can be
evaluated by flow consistency test using Marsh
cone. The point at which the slope changes
corresponds to the optimum dosage of admixture

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 Mixing Method

 Multistage mixing sequence is suitable for H.P.C.

 At Kaiga 1&2, RAPP-3&4 two stage mixing was

found efficient.

 Silica fume was mixed dry along with aggregates,

in the first stage for 5 seconds

 Final mixing of 45 seconds

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 Placement and compaction

 Properly designed H.P.C.mix is more cohesive than NSC and

does not tend to segregate but it loses strength rapidly
compared to NSC.

 This makes H.P.C.more sensitive to temperature

 At kaiga 1&2 and RAPP-3&4 aggregates were precooled and

about 90% water is replaced by ice flakes.

 High slump HPC mix may not seem to need compaction, but
experience of Kaiga-1&2, RAPP-3&4 suggest that good
vibration after placement of fresh mix is essential for structural
elements having high congestion with reinforcement.

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 Curing

 Performance of HPC at hardened state is rather more

sensitive to Curing than that of NSC

 Loss of moisture from exposed surface of fresh concrete at

early age cause plastic shrinkage.

 Protection against moisture loss from fresh HPC is crucial

for development of strength and durability.

 Curing of HPC is carried out in two stages, initial curing and

final curing.

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 Design of H.P.C.

 No specific method of mix design of NSC, as presently

prevailing in India, was found suitable for mix design of H.P.C.

 Absolute volume method has been adopted in mix design of

HPC for containment domes of Kaiga-1&2 and RAPP-3&4
nuclear power plants

 In calculating the mix proportions, air content for concrete may

be assumed to be 1 % and unit water content may not be less
than 150Kg/m^3

 Target compressive strength may be taken as about 20% more

than desired characteristic strength.

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 Case Study of Kaiga project.

 Slump 175 mm
 Silica fume 7.5% by wt of cement.
 Cement 475 Kg/m^3
 Superplasticizer ASTM F- type
 Retarder 0.1 % of wt of cement
 W/Cm is taken as 0.32 for target split tensile
strength of 4.37 MPa.

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 Use of H.P.C.

 Bourke place Meilbourne, Australia

 Year of completion – 1991
 No of storeys - 52
 Height of building - 223m
 No of levels below ground- 3
 Building use - office
 Type of structure - R.C.C.
 Concrete strength - 60MPa

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 Fibre reinforced concrete

 Fibres are used through ancient times

3000 BC
Egyptians Used mud mixed with straw to bind dried
bricks.
They also used gypsum mortars and mortars of lime in
the pyramids.

 Portland cement association investigated FRC in 1950

with the surge in Fibre reinforcing, new materials other
than steel were investigated

 Recently organic & synthetic fibres such as

acrylic,aramid, carbon, nylon, polyster, polypropylene
also been used.

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 Contd…

 Useful Improvements in the mechanical behavior of

tension weak concrete (or mortar) can be achieved by
incorporation of short discrete fibres

 Resulting composite generally termed as Fibre

Reinforced Concrete

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35
 FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

• Concrete containing a hydraulic cement, water, fine or coarse aggregate

and Discontinuous fibres is called F.R.C.

• Unlike plane concrete, a F.R.C. specimen does not break immediately

after initiation of the first crack.

• At the cracking section matrix does not resist any tension and fibres carry
entire load of the composite.

• With increasing load fibres will tend to transfer the additional stress to
matrix through bending. If these bond stresses do not exceed the
bond strength, then there may be additional cracking in matrix.

• The process of multiple cracking will continue untill either fibres fail or there
may be fibre pullout.

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 Constituent materials

 Commercially used mixes for matrix in FRC are often not very
much different from what is used for conventional RCC.

 In applications when thin sections are tobe cast Maximum

aggregate size limited to 9.5 to 19mm

 It is necessary to use superplasticizers with mixes containing

larger fibre volume content (1% or more).

 Air entraining agents can also be used with FRC to improve its
ability to resist freeze thaw cycling under load( especially in
pavement)

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 Fibre Aspect Ratio

 Mechanical properties of FRC are largely influenced by Fibre

Aspect Ratio, fibre type, fibre orientation.

 F.A.R.- Is defined as the ratio of the length to equivalent

fibre dia.

 To avoid the fibre balling in conventional and to provide

uniform distribution of fibres in mix FAR taken as 100

 Practically used fibre volumes in conventional FRC range

from (0.1 to2)%

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 Types of fibres

1.Low modulus, high elongation fibres

such as acrylic, aramid, nylon, polyster, polypropylene
these are approx. 0.25mm in dia. & 12mm to 50mm length,
with FAR=50-100

2.High modulus,high strength fibres such as steel, carbon,

glass

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 Properties of FRC
1. Tensile behavior

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 Contd…
2.Compressive behavior-

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 Contd…

3. Flexural behavior –
In most practical applications FRC is likely to be subjected to
flexural loads.
There are two commonly reported strengths values associated
with flexure, First crack strength & Ultimate flexural strength

First crack strength- Is defined as the flexural tensile strength of

the composite at a point where load- deflection curve deviates
from linearity which is not influenced by incorporation of fibres.

Ultimate flexural strength is evaluated as the flexural tensile

strength at the peak load carrying capacity, which is greatly
influenced by the fibre type, fibre aspect ratio and fibre volume
content

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 Toughness

 Toughness is
generally
accepted as the
energy
absorbing
capacity of the
material.
 The energy
absorbed by
the specimen is
computed from
the area under
the load
deflection curve

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 Fatigue resistance

 Experimental
studies shows
that for a
given type of
fibre there is a
significant
increase in
Fatigue
strength with
increase in
fibre content.

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 Applications

 It can be used in both cast-in-place and precast applications where

Durability and crack control are major considerations.

 In Tall buildings F.R.C. can be used for exterior panels, shear walls,
floors that carry vehicle traffic (Parking level in tall buildings)

 Columns (Avoid congestion of reinforcement)

 Beams (Shear strength enhancement).

 Foundations and Footings (Shear resistance and dynamic loads).

 Beam column joints (Improve ductility and avoid congestion of steel)

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 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

• The development of the early cracks in Reinforced concrete due to

incompatibility in the strains of steel and concrete is the starting point of
the new material known as Prestressed Concrete.

•Prestressing means intensional application of a predetermined

force on a system for resisting the internal stresses, developed in
system.

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 System of Prestressing

 Pretensioned Prestressing.

 Post Tensioned prestressing

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 Advantages of Prestressing

 Utilize the full section of concrete.

 To obtain the crack free concrete.

 Greater resistance to shearing forces due to effect of

compressive
prestress, which reduces the principle tensile stress.

 Size of member reduces which results in decreasing the dead

load of structure and minimise the total height of the
structure.

 For long span structures it is Economical

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 Disadvantages of Prestressed concrete

 For short span structures/ small structures it is

uneconomical.

 Highly skilled labour is required.

 Material required for prestressing is not locally available at

all places.

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 High rise building
 Paramount building,
Sanfrancisco
 Post tensioned prestressing

 No. of storey – 38

Concrete grade used M55

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Thank you

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