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Class Nematoda
Sheryl Lynn A. Santos, RMT
Commonly known as ROUNDWORMS
cylindrical, non-segmented tapering animals with
simple bodies
Can be terrestrial, freshwater, or marine worms
almost worldwide in distribution

Geohelminths --abundant in the surface layers of soils
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General characteristics:
They consist an interior gut and a muscular outer
wall, separated by a fluid-filled cavity called a
PSEUDOCOEL
The outer wall secretes an elastic cuticle that is
molted four times during the animal's lifetime
Molt?
defined as sloughing, shedding
Species range in size from microscopic to about 10
cm (about 4 in) long
Most species have separate sexes (dioecious), but a
few are hermaphroditic

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Classification of Nematodes
A. Based on the presence of absence of CAUDAL
RECEPTOR
Caudal receptorposterior receptor

1. Class Enoplea - with caudal receptor and with
caudal glands.
2. Class Rhabditea - with caudal receptor but
without caudal glands



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Classification Nematodes
B. Based on Habitat
Intestinal Nematodes
Small intestine
Large intestine

Extra-intestinal Nematodes
Muscle
Lymphatic tissue
Brain

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Ascaris Lumbricoides
Common name: Giant intestinal roundworm
Disease: Human Ascariasis & Ascaris Pneumonitis
Infective stage:
Habitat: Small intestine
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STAGES:
Adult
largest and most common
male: 15-30 cm by 3 mm
female: 20-40 cm by 5 mm
cylindrical, elongated, tapering in the end
containing lateral lines seen as whitish streak along the
entire length of the body
has a terminal mouth with TRILOBATE LIPS with a
small triangular buccal cavity

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STAGES:
Ova:
1. Fertilized ova
Broadly ovoid, golden
brown in color
45-75 by 35-45 micron
with 3 thick transparent
layers:
1. Vitelline membrane- inner
non permeable
2. Glycogen membrane- thick
transparent middle layer
3. Albuminous/ mammilary
coat- outermost layer
2. Unfertilized ova
Larger, longer,
elongated or sometimes
irregular in shape
88-94 microns
Two layers:
1. Glycogen membrane
2. Albuminous layer

* vitelline layer is absent

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FERTILIZED OVA
DECORTICATED
FERTILIZED OVA
UNFERTILIZED OVA
Life cycle
Adult in small intestine
Eggs passes out in the feces
Embryonation in 1-2 weeks
Fully embryonated eggs---(infective stage) ingested by
man
In the small intestine, larva penetrate the mucosa and
enters the blood circulation
Heart and lung migration, molt twice
Larvae ascend respiratory tree and swallowed, descend
to the small intestine to mature

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Transmission
ingestion of mature embryonated eggs

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Pathology
Abdominal Pain
Diarrhea
Nausea
Loss of Appetite
Due to eratic migration might lead to regurgitation
and escape through the nostril
Vomited ascaris may pass the larynx and might
lead to suffocation or reach the lung producing
gangrene
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Might enter the eustachian tube and provoke otitis
media
May invade bile duct, gall bladder, appendix
May cause hemorrhagic pancreatitis
Migration to the peritoneal cavity leads to
peritonitis
May rarely produced toxic manifestation such as
edema and urticaria accompanied by loss of
appetite and weight
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Diagnosis
Direct fecal smear
Kato-thick
Kato- katz
Concentration technique
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Treatment
Piperazine citrate
Pyrantel pamoate
Mebendazole
Albendazole
*piperazine and pyrantel pamoate with
neuromuscular blocking effect that paralyses
the parasites.
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Prevention and control
Treatment of infected individual
Sanitary waste disposal
Hand washing before meals
Proper personal hygiene
Thorough washing and cooking of food
Avoid using human excreta as fertilizer

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Trichuris trichiura
Common name: Whipworm
Disease: Trichuriasis
Infective Stage: Embryonated Stage
Habitat: Large Intestine
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STAGES:
Adults
Attached to the wall of the caecum
Whiplike and posterior end is more robust
Female- 3.5- 5 cm
Male- 3-4.5 cm and coiled posterior end

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STAGES:
Ova:
Unsegmented, barrel shaped, lemon, football shaped
ova or japanese lantern egg
Contains bi-polar plugs
With 3 layers
Embryonation takes place in the soil where the first
stage larvae is formed within 3 weeks
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Life cycle
Adult worms attached to the wall of the caecum
Eggs passes out of the feces
Embryonate in 2-3 weeks
Embryonated eggs ingested by man
Larvae hatch in the intestine
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Transmission
ingestion of mature embryonated eggs

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Pathology
Small streaked diarrheic stool
Abdominal pain and tenderness
Nausea and vomiting
Hypochromic anemia
Weight loss
Rectal prolapse
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Diagnosis
Direct fecal smear analysis
Kato-thick or kato Katz
Concentration technique

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Treatment
Albendazole
Mebendazole
Pyrantel pamoate
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Prevention and control
Treatment of infected individual
Sanitary waste disposal
Hand washing before meals
Proper personal hygiene
Thorough washing and cooking of food
Avoid using human excreta as fertilizer

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Hookworms
Necator americanus- New World Hookworm
Ancylostoma duodenale- Old world hookworm
Ancylostoma braziliense- Cat hookworm
Ancylostoma caninum- Dog hookworm
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Necator americanus
S-shaped
Buccal capsule is provided with semilunar cutting
plate
With amphidial gland that secretes anticoagulant
No teeth
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Necator americanus
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Ancylostoma duodenale
Stout, body contour into letter c
2 pairs of ventral teeth
With copulatory bursa characterized as bristle like
with tridigitate dorsal ray
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Ancylostoma duodenale
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Ancylostoma brazilienze
With a pair of teeth and a pair of inconspicuous
median teeth in the buccal capsule
Broad and long copulatory bursa with short lateral rays

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Ancylostoma caninum
With 3 pair of ventral teeth
Secretes anticoagulant that delays the coagulation of
blood.
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Ancylostoma caninum
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STAGES:
Larvae:
Rhabditiform Larva
early developmental larval stages (first and second)
Filariform Larva
infective third-stage larva of the hookworm
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Life cycle
Adults in the small intestine
Ova in feces
Rhabditiform larvae: 1-2 days
Filariform : 5-8 days
Filariform penetrate the skin
Enters the circulation
Lungs
Trachea
Swallowed
Esophagus


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Transmission
Direct contact with the soil
Walking barefoot on your lawn
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Pathology
Wakana disease
Pulmonary lesion
Creeping eruption
a.ka. Cutaneous larva migrans
dermatitis characterized by intra-cutaneous lesion
red, intensely pruritic (itchy) eruption. The itching can
become very painful and if scratched may allow a
secondary bacterial infection to develop
Hookworm anemia- microcytic, hypochronic
Hypoalbuminemia- low level of albumin due to combined
loss of blood, lymph and protein
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Creeping Eruption
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Diagnosis
Direct fecal smear
Harada-mori
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Treatment
Mebendazole
Albendazole
Thiabendazole
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Enterobius vermicularis
Common name: Pinworm or seatworm
Disease: Enterobiasis or oxyuriasis
Infective stage: Embryonated stage
Habitat: Large intestine
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STAGES:
Adults
Small whitish or brown in color
Male- 2-5 mm coiled tail end
Female- 8-13mm pointed tail end
Diagnostic in the presence of cephalic alae and distinct
or prominent esophageal bulb.

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CEPHALIC ALAE
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ESOPHAGEAL BULB
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Ova
Elongated
50-80 by 20-30 microns
Flattened lateral side, lopsided D
Two egg-shell layer
Albuminous layer- outer
Embryonic or lipoidal membrane- inner
Embryonated when laid
Resistant to disinfectant
Under favorable condition, it remains viable for 13 days
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Life cycle
Adults in the caecum
Gravid females migrate to the perianal area to
deposit embryonated egg
Ova are infective to man 6hrs after deposition
Ova are ingested or inhaled by man
Larvae hatch in the duodenum
Migrate to its final habitat in the large intestine
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Transmission
ingestion of infectious eggs
direct anus-to-mouth transfer by fingers
touching contaminated surfaces such as clothing, bed
linen, and bathroom fixtures followed by ingestion
inhalation
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Pathology
Poor appetite
Insomia
Weight loss
Irritability
Grinding of teeth
Nausea
Vomiting
Pruritus ani
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Transmission
Hand to mouth
Inhalation
autoinfection
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Diagnosis
Scotch-tape swab
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Treatment
Albendazole
Mebendazole
Pyrantel pamoate

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Strongyloides stercoralis
Common name: Threadworm
Disease: Cochin-china diarrhea
Infective stage: Filariform
Habitat: Small intestine
Capable of both free living and parasitic
2-7 mm and 30-40um in width
Colorless, semitransparent nematode
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STAGES:
LARVAE:

Rhabditiform
short buccal cavity, elongated esophagus with pyriform
posterior bulb and conspicuous genital primodium

Filariform
long delicate larvae with long esophagus and forked or
notched tail
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FILARIFOM LARVAE
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RHABDITIFOM LARVAE
Life cycle
Small intestine
Ova in feces
Rhabditiform
Filariform ---- host
Skin
Circulation
Heart
Lungs
Trachea
esophagus
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Prevention
Proper waste disposal
Personal hygiene
Avoid being barefooted on suspected infected area
medication
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Treatment
Mebendazole
Albendazole
thiabendazole
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Precaution
Administration of ORS to prevent dehydration and
loss of electrolytes

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Capillaria Philippinensis
Common name: Pudoc worm
Disease: Capillariasis, and Borborygamy
Infective Stage: Larvae Stage
Habitat: Small Intestine
Intermediate host : Hipon or bagsang
Endemic in Pudoc. Tagudin, Ilocos Sur, Bangar, La
Union


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Capillaria Philippinensis larva
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Capillaria philippinensis ova
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Pathology
Borborygmy
bowel sound or peristaltic sound
is a rumbling, growling or gurgling noise produced by movement of the contents of
the gastro-intestinal tract as they are propelled through the small intestine by a series
of muscle contractions
Diarrhea
Anorexia
nausea and vomiting
Hypotension
Cachexia
wasting syndrome is loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, and
significant loss of appetite
death due to cardiac failure

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Diagnosis
Stool exam (ova)

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Treatment
Mebendazole

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Toxocara
Toxocara canis --- dog roundworm
Toxocara cati --- cat roundworm
Disease: Toxocariasis
Transmission: ingestion of embryonated eggs from
contaminated sources (soil, fresh or unwashed
vegetables, or improperly cooked paratenic hosts)
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Pathology:
visceral larva migrans (VLM)
which encompasses diseases associated with major
organs
ocular larva migrans (OLM)
in which pathological effects on the host are restricted
to the eye and the optic nerve


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Trichinella spiralis
Common name: Trichina worm
Disease: Trichinosis
Infective Stage: Larvae Stage
Habitat: Muscle Tissue
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STAGES:
Adult
Minute
Male-1.5 by 0.04 mm with single testis near the
posterior end
Female- 3.6 by 0.06 mm with single ovary
The female is viviparous or larviparous capable of
producing 1,500 larvae

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STAGES:
Larvae
80-120 micron by 5.6 microns at birth
900-1300 micron by 35-40 microns
Spear like burrowing anterior
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Life cycle
Encysted larvae in pig
muscle
Ingestion of improperly
cooked pork
Infected flesh is digested
by gastric juice
Adults in the duodenum
Larviparous female --
burrows into mucosa and
deposit larvae
Larvae enters the
circulation
Encyst in striated muscle
Dead end cycle
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Transmission
Eating improper cooked meats products
that contain infective juvenile

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Pathology
Incubation and intestinal invasion
Includes diarrhrea, constipation, vomiting
abdominal cramps, nausea
Larval migration muscle invasion
Fever, facial edema, urticaria, pain and swelling
weakness
Splenomegaly, gastric and intestinal
hemorrhages
Encysment and encapsulation
Fever, weak, pain
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Diagnosis
Muscle biopsy
Serological- ELISA
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Treatment
Thiabendazole during the first week
Mebedazole--larvicidal

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Prevention and control
Cook meat at 77 C or 177 F
Freezing: - 15C for 20 days or -30 C for 6 days
Smoking, salting, or drying is not effective
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