Dynamics 70 M6 Spectrum

Spectrum Analysis
Module 6
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Module 6
Spectrum Analysis
A. Define a spectrum analysis and its purpose.
B. Understand the underlying concepts and terminology.
C. Learn how to do a response spectrum analysis.
D. Guidelines for spectrum analysis.
E. Random Vibration Analysis
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Spectrum Analysis
A. Definition & Purpose
What is spectrum analysis?
A technique to compute a structures
response to transient excitations that contain
many frequencies.
Excitations could be from sources such as
earthquakes, aircraft noise/ flight history,
missile launches.
A spectrum is a representation of a loads
time history in the frequency domain.
This is also referred to as response
spectrum.
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Acceleration vs. time
Acceleration spectrum (G vs. Hz)
Spectrum Analysis
Definition & Purpose
El Centro Earthquake ( 1940 )
A structure subject to the El Centro earthquake can be analyzed
using either a Transient analysis or spectrum analysis.
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Spectrum analysis follows a modal analysis.
Computes the maximum response of the structure to a given
spectrum at each natural frequency. This maximum response is
computed as scale factor*mode shape.
These maximum responses are then combined to give a total
response of the structure.
Spectrum Analysis
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An alternative is to perform a transient analysis.
Transient analysis is generally more time consuming, especially
when a number of components and load conditions have to be
considered.
However, transient analysis is more accurate.
In spectrum analysis the focus is to get the maximum response
quickly, and some information is lost (phase).
Spectrum Analysis
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Used in the design of:
Nuclear power plants (buildings and components)
Airborne Electronic equipment (aircraft / missile)
Spacecraft components
Aircraft components
Any structure or component that is subjected to seismic or other
erratic loads
Building frames and bridges

Spectrum Analysis
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** Covered in this seminar
Spectrum Analysis
ANSYS allows four types of spectrum analysis:
Single-point response spectrum**
A single response spectrum excites all specified points in the model.
Multi-point response spectrum **
Different response spectra excite different points in the model.
Dynamic design analysis method (DDAM)
A specific type of spectrum defined by the U.S. Naval Research
Laboratory to evaluate shock resistance of shipboard equipment.
Power Spectral Density (PSD)**
A probabilistic approach used in random vibration analysis.

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Spectrum Analysis
B. Terminology & Concepts
Topics covered:
Definition of a spectrum
How a response spectrum is used to calculate a structures
response to the excitation
Participation factor
Mode coefficient
Mode combination
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Spectrum Analysis - Terminology & Concepts
Definition of spectrum
What is a spectrum?
A curve representing the maximum response of an idealized
system to an excitation. The response may be acceleration,
velocity, displacement, or force.
Consider, for example, four single-DOF spring-mass systems
mounted on a shaker table. Their frequencies are f1, f2, f3, and f4,
with f1 < f2 < f3 < f4.
1 2 3 4
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If the shaker table is excited at frequency f1
and the displacement response of the four
systems is recorded, it will look as shown
on the right.
Now add a second excitation of frequency
f3 and record the displacement response.
Systems 1 and 3 will each reach their peak
response.
If now a general excitation containing
several frequencies is applied and only the
peak responses are recorded, we might get
the curve shown. This curve is the
spectrum, specifically a response
spectrum.
f
u
f
u
f
u
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Thus a response spectrum is an envelope of the maximum
responses of a number of single DOF systems to a given
excitation.
Input to a spectrum analysis consists of a response spectrum
curve and a direction of excitation.
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Spectrum analysis follows a modal analysis in which natural
frequencies and mode shapes have been computed.
In doing a spectrum analysis you will encounter three new
terms:
Participation factor
Mode coefficient
Mode combination
We will define these three terms along with the general outline
of how a spectrum analysis is done.
Approach
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For each mode of the structure, a participation factor g
i
is
calculated in the excitation direction.
The participation factor is a function of the mode shape and the
direction of excitation.
This is a measure of how much a mode will contribute to the
deflections (and hence stresses) in the direction of excitation.
Approach - Participation factor
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For example, consider the cantilever beam shown.
If an excitation is applied in Y direction, mode 1 will have the
highest PF and mode 2 a lower PF. Mode 3 will have zero PF.
If the excitation is in the X direction, then modes 1 and 2 will have
zero PF, whereas mode 3 will have a high PF.
mode 3
mode 2
2
mode 1
Y
X
Approach - Participation factor
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The mode coefficient is the scale factor used to multiply the
mode shapes to get the maximum response.
The mode coefficient A
i
for each mode is A
i
= S
i
g
i
*
S
i
is the response spectrum value at frequency w
i

g
i
is the participation factor for mode i
The maximum modal response is then computed as
{U}
i max
= A
i
{f}
i

*A different formula is used for acceleration, velocity and force spectra;
see the ANSYS Theory Manual.

Approach - Mode coefficient
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Once the maximum response at each mode is known for a given
response spectrum, these need to be combined in some way to
get the total response.
The simplest combination is to add all the maximum modal
responses. However, it is highly unlikely that all the maximum
modal responses will occur at the same time.
Several standard combination methods are published in the
literature. Usually each industrys regulating authority
recommends or enforces a technique most suitable for that
industry.
Approach - Mode combination
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Six different combination methods are available in the ANSYS
program:
Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) method
Grouping Method (GRP)
Double Sum method (DSUM)
Square Root of the Sum of the Squares (SRSS) method
Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) sum method (DDAM)
Power Spectral Density method
Approach - Mode combination
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We will discuss the procedure for a single-point response
spectrum analysis.
In the following discussion, we will use the term response
spectrum to mean single-point response spectrum.
To learn about multi-point response spectrum and DDAM, please
refer to the ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide.
Spectrum Analysis
Terminology & Concepts
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C. Procedure
Five main steps:
Build the model
Obtain the modal solution
Switch to spectrum analysis type
Define the response spectrum
Solve and review results
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Response Spectrum Procedure
Obtain the Modal Solution
Mode extraction:
Only valid methods are Block Lanczos, subspace, or reduced.
Block Lanczos strongly recommended
Extract enough modes to cover the spectrums frequency content.
Expand all modes. Only expanded modes can be used for the
spectrum solution.
Loads and BCs: For a base excitation, be sure to constrain the
appropriate DOFs.
Files: The .mode file contains the eigenvectors and is needed for the
spectrum solution.
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Switch to Spectrum Analysis Type
Build the model

Exit and re-enter Solution
New analysis: Spectrum
Analysis options: Discussed next
Damping: Discussed next
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Analysis options
Type of spectrum: Single point
Number of modes: If 0 or blank, all expanded modes are used for
solution.
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Damping
Available forms of damping are:
Beta (stiffness) damping
Constant damping ratio. Can be
material dependent but only if
specified as a material property*
in the modal step.
Frequency dependent damping
ratio (modal damping)
Some form of damping must be
specified for the CQC mode
combination method.

*Material property DAMP in this case
is damping ratio, not beta damping.
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Define the Response Spectrum
Build the model

Settings: type of spectrum and excitation direction
Table of spectral value versus frequency
Mode combination method
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Settings:
Type of spectrum
Seismic or force (not PSD)
Seismic spectra - automatically
applied at the base
Force spectrum - manually
applied at desired nodes as a
force
Excitation direction (global Cartesian)
Specified by a unit vector for
seismic spectra: 1,0,0 means X;
0,1,0 means Y; 0,0,1 means Z.
Implied by FX, FY, or FZ labels
for force spectrum.
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Spectral value vs frequency table
First define frequency table. Up to 20
points are allowed.
Then define corresponding spectral
values.
Specify damping ratio only for
multiple spectral curves.
For a force spectrum, the spectral
values can be scaled by the
applied force value.
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Mode combination method
Determines how the individual modal
responses are combined.
Five methods are available:
CQC (Complete Quadratic Combination)
GRP (Grouping)
DSUM (Double Sum)
SRSS (Square Root of Sum of Squares)
NRLSUM (Naval Research Laboratory Sum)
Which method you choose typically depends
on company or government standards being
followed.
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Mode combinations (continued)
The significance threshold allows you to include only significant
modes in the mode combination. It is the ratio of the mode
coefficient of a mode to the maximum mode coefficient. Use a
zero value to include all modes.
Type of output allows calculation of different response quantities:
displacement, velocity, or acceleration.
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Solve and Review Results
Build the model

Solve the current load step.
Mode combination calculations are written as
POST1 commands to the .mcom file.
Review results: discussed next.
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Solve and Review Results
Review results:
Enter POST1 (general postprocessor).
Perform mode combinations
Commands to do this are written to .mcom file during solution.
Read the file jobname.mcom using Utility Menu > File > Read Input from...
Review deformed shape.
Plot and list stresses and strains.
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Response Spectrum Analysis Procedure
Build the model
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D. Spectrum Analysis Guidelines
Modal analysis
Make sure you extract and expand enough modes in the modal
analysis to cover the frequency range of interest.
For example, if the spectrum extends from 1 to 1000 Hz, a rule of
thumb is to extract and expand modes up to 1500 Hz.
Block Lanczos extraction technique recommended
If you have material dependent damping ratio, this should be specified
in the modal analysis.
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Spectrum Analysis Guidelines
Spectrum analysis
Remember that no results file is written in a spectrum analysis.
Instead the instructions for mode combination are written to
jobname.mcom.
Most combination methods involve squaring operations causing the
component stresses to lose their signs. Hence deriving equivalent or
principal stresses from these unsigned components will be non-
conservative and incorrect.
If equivalent or principal stresses and strains are of interest then you
need to issue the command SUMTYPE,PRIN ( General Postprocessor >
Load Case > Calc Options > Stress Options) before reading in
jobname.mcom. This causes direct operation on derived quantities
leading to more conservative results.

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Spectrum analysis
During the spectrum analysis the effective mass for each mode as well
as the sum of all the effective mass is printed out.
For a lumped mass system the sum of the effective masses should
approach the total mass of the structure as the number of modes used
in the spectrum analysis is increased.
The total effective mass is an indicator of whether enough modes are
included in the spectrum analysis.
***** RESPONSE SPECTRUM CALCULATION SUMMARY
CUMULATIVE
MODE FREQUENCY SV PARTIC.FACTOR MODE COEF. M.C. RATIO EFFECTIVE MASS MASS FRACTION
1 2.37E-04 10 -1.18E-20 -5.34E-14 0 1.40E-40 3.07E-38
2 474 21.099 6.22E-02 1.48E-07 1 3.87E-03 0.85132
3 1182 10 1.14E-15 2.07E-22 0 1.30E-30 0.85132
4 1182 10 3.42E-16 6.20E-23 0 1.17E-31 0.85132
5 1881 10 -5.08E-16 -3.64E-23 0 2.58E-31 0.85132
6 2361 10 3.52E-11 1.60E-18 0 1.24E-21 0.85132
7 2361 10 -2.60E-02 -1.18E-09 0.007981 6.76E-04 1
8 3044 10 -4.39E-13 -1.20E-20 0 1.93E-25 1
9 3044 10 1.27E-12 3.48E-20 0 1.62E-24 1
10 4011 10 5.08E-12 8.00E-20 0 2.58E-23 1
SUM OF EFFECTIVE MASSES 4.55E-03
Spectrum Analysis Guidelines
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E. Workshop - Response Spectrum Analysis
In this workshop, you will determine the response of a workbench
table to a response spectrum excitation.
See your Dynamics Workshop supplement for details. (Response
Spectrum Workshop - Workbench Table, Page W-49. ).
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F. Random Vibration Analysis
Topics covered:
Definition and purpose
Overview of ANSYS capabilities
ANSYS procedure
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Random Vibration Analysis
Definition and Purpose
What is random vibration analysis?
A spectrum analysis technique based on probability and statistics.
Meant for loads such as acceleration loads in a rocket launch that
produce different time histories during every launch .
Reference: Random vibrations in mechanical systems by Crandall & Mark
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Transient analysis is not an option since the time history is not
deterministic.
Instead, using statistics the sample time histories are converted to
Power Spectral Density function (PSD), a statistical representation
of the load time history.

Image from Random Vibrations Theory and Practice by Wirsching, Paez and Ortiz.
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What is a PSD?
A PSD records the mean square value of the excitation and
response as a function of frequency.
The area under a PSD curve is the variance of the response (square of
the standard deviation).
The units used in PSD is mean square/Hz (e.g. an acceleration PSD
will have units of G
2
/Hz).
The quantity represented by PSD may be displacement, velocity,
acceleration, force, or pressure.
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Typical applications include
Aircraft electronic packaging
Airframe parts under atmospheric loading
Blast deflectors
Laser guidance systems
Stable optical platform for telescopes
Seismic loading of large structures
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Input:
The structures natural frequencies and mode shapes
The PSD curve (explained next)
Output:
1s displacements and stresses that can be used for fatigue life
prediction.
Response PSD curves that show the frequency content of any output
quantity ( RPSD ).
Undocumented (FPAS and RISK ) life prediction capability.

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Loading:
Base or nodal excitation
Single-point excitation
e.g. Single PSD excitation applied to all ground nodes
Multi-point (i.e., multi-spectra) excitation
Uncorrelated
Partially correlated
Fully correlated
Partial correlation in terms of spatial coordinates
Partial correlation in terms of a traveling wave

Overview of ANSYS Capabilities
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Solution:
Relative or absolute 1s output
Option for calculating 1s forces/stresses etc.
Solution for complete structure i.e., results can be contoured.
Output in form of 1s displacements, velocities or accelerations
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Postprocessing:
1s results can be contoured like any other analysis.
Response PSD can be computed for any result quantity ( e.g. stress or
nodal force at a node of an element) or cross response spectra can be
computed between any two quantities (RPSD).
This enables the user to look at the frequency content of output.
Covariance between any two quantities can be computed (CVAR).
Undocumented commands RISK and FPAS allow user to compute
equivalent stress / predict life.

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Random Vibrations Procedure
Six main steps:
Build the model
Define and apply the PSD excitation
Solve
Review results
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Random Vibrations
Build the Model
Model
Same considerations as a modal analysis.
Linear elements and materials only. Nonlinearities are ignored.
Remember density! Also, if material-dependent damping is
present, it must be defined in this step.
See also Modeling Considerations in Module 1.
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Random Vibrations
Build the model

Same procedure as a normal modal
analysis.
A few differences, discussed next.
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Random Vibrations
Mode extraction:
Only valid methods are Block Lanczos, subspace, or reduced.
Block Lanczos strongly recommended
Extract enough modes to cover the spectrums frequency content.
Expand all modes. Only expanded modes can be used for the
spectrum solution.
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Loads and BCs:
For a base excitation, be sure to constrain the appropriate DOFs.
For a pressure PSD, apply the pressures on desired surfaces in this
step.

Files: The .mode file contains the eigenvectors and is needed for
the spectrum solution.
Random Vibrations
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Random Vibrations
Build the model

Exit and re-enter Solution
New analysis: Spectrum
Analysis options: Discussed next
Damping: Discussed next
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Random Vibrations
Analysis options
Type of spectrum: PSD
Number of modes: If 0 or blank, all expanded modes are used for
solution.
Element calculations: can be ON only if they were ON in the modal
step.
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Damping
All four forms are available.
Alpha (mass) damping
Beta (stiffness) damping
Constant damping ratio
Frequency dependent damping ratio
(modal damping)

If no damping is specified, ANSYS
uses a 1% constant damping ratio as
default.
Random Vibrations
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Random Vibrations
Define and Apply the PSD Excitation
Build the model

Specify PSD settings
Define PSD versus frequency table
Apply excitation at desired nodes
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Random Vibrations
PSD settings
Spectrum type (units)
Acceleration (normal units or
g
2
/Hz)
Velocity
Displacement
Force
Pressure

Table number defaults to 1.
Used for multiple PSD curves.
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PSD versus frequency table
Specify table number (usually 1).
Then enter frequency and PSD value pairs.
Random Vibrations
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PSD versus frequency table (continued)
Graph the PSD table to verify the input.
Random Vibrations
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Apply the PSD
Procedure depends on the type of
PSD.
Acceleration, velocity, or
displacement PSD:
These are base excitations and
can be applied only at previously
constrained nodes.
Apply as a constraint in UX, UY, or
UZ (excitation direction) with a
value of 1.0.
Pick nodes...
Random Vibrations
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Random Vibrations
Apply the PSD (cont'd.)
Force PSD
Nodal excitation
Apply as a force in FX, FY, or FZ
(excitation direction) with a value
of 1.0 (or desired scale factor).

Pressure PSD
Requires pressure to be applied in
the modal step.
Use the load vector (calculated
during modal solution) to apply
the pressure PSD excitation.
Set value to 1.0 or desired scale
factor.
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Random Vibrations
Solve
Build the model

Solve
Activate PSD mode combination
method
Specify items to be calculated*
Calculate participation factors*
Initiate PSD solution*

*Discussed next
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Random Vibrations
Solve
Items to be calculated:
Default is to calculate the displacement solution (including stresses
and strains) relative to base excitation.
Velocity and acceleration solutions are also available, relative to
base or absolute.
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Random Vibrations
Solve
Calculate participation factors:
Must be done for each PSD table defined.
Specify base or nodal excitation.
Initiate PSD solution:
Results are written to the .rst file.
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Random Vibrations
Review Results
Build the model
Solve

Review results
Plot and list 1s quantities (POST1)
Generate a response PSD (POST26)
Calculate covariance between two quantities (POST26)
Life prediction
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Random Vibrations- Review Results
Review 1-Sigma Stresses
Random vibration results are 1s
quantities: 1s displacements, 1s
stresses, etc.
All quantities assume a Gaussian
(normal) distribution with zero mean.
For example, a maximum
displacement of U
max
= 0.15 indicates
a 68% probability (1s) that U
max
will
be 0.15 or less. It also indicates:
max
will
be 0.15x2 = 0.3 or less.
max
will
be 0.15x3 = 0.45 or less.
1s
2s
3s
Gaussian
(normal)
Distribution
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To review 1s displacements & stresses:
Enter POST1 (General Postproc).
Read results from load step 3, which is where 1s results are stored on the
results file.
Note: 1s velocities and 1s accelerations, if requested, are stored in
load steps 4 and 5, respectively.
Then plot and list the desired quantities.
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1s results are typically used for:
Fatigue calculations
In PSD analyses, the average frequency of excitation (number of
cycles/second) is given by 1s velocity / 1s displacement.
Using normal distribution the stress level is at 1s 68% of the time, at
2s 27% of the time (95-68), and at 3s 3% of the time (98-95).
Knowing the above two quantities, fatigue life can be predicted using
usual S-N diagram procedures.
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Response PSD
Gives engineers an idea of how a response quantity (stress, for
example) varies with frequency.
Results file contains 1s values, which is the square root of the
area under the PSD curve.
POST26, the time-history postprocessor, is used to calculate
response PSD.
Response PSD
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To calculate response PSD
1. Enter POST26 and first store the frequency vector.
You can use 1 to 10 additional data points on either side of a natural
frequency for a smoother frequency curve. Default is 5.
Variable 1 is automatically assigned to the frequency vector.
Response PSD
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2. Identify results quantities for which response PSD is to be
calculated.
TimeHist Postpro > Variable Viewer
Can be any nodal or element result item.
Choose category,
then pick node...
Response PSD
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3. Calculate and plot the response PSD.
TimeHist Postpro > Calc Resp PSD...
TimeHist Postpro > Graph Variables
Response PSD
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Covariance
Covariance represents the correlation between two quantities.
Can be calculated between any two response quantities; for
example, stress at two different points in the model.
POST26, the time-history postprocessor, is used to calculate
covariance.
Covariance
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To calculate covariance:
1. Reset or exit and re-enter POST26.
2. Identify the two response quantities for which covariance is to be
calculated.
Covariance
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3. Calculate and retrieve the covariance.
TimeHist Postpro > Calc Covariance...
Use *GET to retrieve the covariance:
*GET,COVAR,VARI,#,EXTREM,CVAR -or- Utility Menu > Parameters >
Get Scalar Data...
Covariance
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Build the model
Solve
Review results
Random Vibrations
Procedure
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G. Workshop Random Vibration (PSD)
In this workshop, you will determine the displacements and
stresses in a model airplane wing due to an acceleration PSD.
See your Dynamics Workshop supplement for details.
Random Vibration Workshop - Model Airplane Wing , Page W-55

Dynamics 70 M6 Spectrum

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