Immunoprophylaxis

and Immunotherapy

Dr. Mejbah Uddin

Ahmed
~ Updated 12/03 ~
 Ways To Protect Our Health

Using seat belts Being active

Washing hands Using sunscreen
Brushing our Getting adequate
teeth rest
Eating nutritious
food

Other ways????
2 Immunizations
 Immunoprophylaxis and
Immunotherapy
1. Immunization
 Active Passive  Passive-Active.
2. Immuno stimulation
 Specific  Non-specific
3. Desensitization
4. Cancer Immunotherapy
5. Transplantation Immunotherapy
6. Immunosuppression
3 Immunizations
 Immunoprophylaxis and
Immunotherapy
Immunization
Immunization or immune prophylaxis results
from either active or passive immunization.

Active immunization - May be:

a) Natural - Clinical or subclinical
infection.
b) Artificial - By vaccines that
consist of live or killed or toxoids.
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 vaccines:
A vaccine is used to improve immunity to a
particular disease. Can be prophylactic
(prevent future infection by natural or "wild"
pathogen), or therapeutic (vaccines against
cancer).

Types:
 Live Vaccine  killed Vaccine  Toxoids
 Subunit  Conjugate  DNA
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 vaccines:
Live vaccines: Live vaccine
contains live, attenuated organism.
Advantages:
Long lasting,
Excellent in conferring immunity
Produce an ongoing stimulus to the immune
system; boosters generally are not required.
Give Herd immunity.
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 Vaccine

Disadvantages:
Live vaccine is ineffective if circulating
antibodies are already present.
It may cause infection.
Can be dangerous in immunocompromised
persons, pregnancy.

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 Vaccine
Killed vaccines:
These vaccines are completely safe but
inferior to live vaccines or natural infections
in conferring immunity.

Advantage:
This is usually safe.
Can be given to immunocomprised persons
Does not revert to virulent strain.
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 Vaccine

Disadvantage:
Short duration.
Protection is lower.
Does not give herd immunity.

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 Vaccine
Toxoids: Toxoids are prepared by
inactivating exotoxins which is non
pathogenic but antigenic.

Adjuvants: Adjuvants are substances

when incorporated into or injected
simultaneously with antigens & potentiate
the immune response.
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 Vaccine

Subunit vaccine- Fragment of

micro-organism can create an immune
response. Characteristic examples include:
vaccine against HBV & human
papillomavirus.

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 Vaccine
Conjugate- Certain bacterial polysaccharide
are conjugated with proteins to enhance the
immune response. Example: Haemophilus
influenzae type B vaccine.

DNA vaccine - In recent years a new type

of vaccine, created from an infectious agent's DNA
called DNA vaccine, has been developed.

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 Vaccine

Important points in
relation to vaccination:  
Age and Timing.
Route of administration
Precautions.

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 Vaccine

Passive immunization
In case of passive immunization preformed
antibodies or immunocompetent cells are
given.
There are two types of passive immunity:
Natural
Artificial.
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 Vaccine

Passive Natural immunity

Natural passive immunity can be conferred
in the following ways:
Transplacental
Colostrum.

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 Vaccine

Passive Artificial immunity

Passive artificial immunity can be conferred by the
administration of immunoglobulins collected from the
serum of homologous or heterologous host.

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 Vaccine
Herd immunity:
It implies group protection besides the
protection offered by individual immunized
persons.

Following elements contribute in herd

immunity: Vaccination, Clinical and sub-
clinical infections (natural active
immunity).
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 Desensitization
Acute desensitization: Small amount
of antigen is administered at 15 minutes
interval for an hour or two.

Chronic desensitization: It is a
long-term procedure where small amount of
antigen is administered at weekly intervals
to hypersensitive individuals.

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 Immunoprophylaxis and
Immunotherapy

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