Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur, India, 721 302

ADAPTIVE BEAM-FORMING FOR SATELLITE

COMMUNICATION
by

Prof. Binay K. Sarkar
ISRO Chair Professor
( Lecture prepared for delivering at the Summer School on Recent Trend in Antenna
Technology to be held at KIIT , Bhubaneswar on Aug.05,2008 )
In the satellite communication systems, many users are active in the same time.

Since resources of the systems (the transmitting power, the bandwidth) are limited, it is
advisable to use multiple access to channel.

This generates a problem of summation and separation of signals in the transmission
and reception parts respectively.

. Currently the methods of multiple access widely used are

Time division multiple access (TDMA),

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and

Code division multiple access (CDMA),

as well as their combination
The significant factor in the performance of multiple access in a satellite
communications system is interference.
It causes cross-talk, missed or dropped calls, and upsets customers.
Most importantly interference limits traffic carrying capacity from the finite RF
spectrum.

Interference can come from
another users,
other cell sites operating on the same frequency, or
out of band RF energy leaking into the allocated spectrum.

The most usual types of interference are
co channel interference and
adjacent channel interference.
Co-channel interference is caused by transmissions from non-adjacent cells using the
same set of frequencies, where there is minimal physical separation from neighboring
cells using the same set of frequencies..
Adjacent channel interference is caused by RF leakage on the subscribers channel from
a neighboring cell using an adjacent frequency.

This can occur when the users signal is much weaker than that of the adjacent channel
user.

Signal to interference ratio (SIR) is an important indicator of call quality; it is a measure
of the ratio between the mobile phone signal (the carrier signal) and an interfering signal.

A higher SIR ratio means increasing overall system capacity.


Taking into account, what in the system of satellite communications every user has own
unique space position, this fact may be used for the separation of channels in the space
and as consequence to increase SIR ratio.


Such methods is named Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) .


SDMA applies smart antenna array with different level of intelligence consisting from the
antenna array and digital processor.



There are two different beamforming approaches in SDMA for satellite communications :

One (Switched Beam Antennas) is a to track each subscriber of a given cell with an
individual beam pattern as the target subscriber moves within the cell, and the


Other (Adaptive Array Antenna Systems) is to select one beam pattern for each
subscriber out of a number of preset fixed beam patterns depending on the location of
the subscriber.

This lecture deals with the adaptive beamforming arrays.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ADAPTIVE ARRAYS
An adaptive array is a system consisting of an array of sensor elements and a
real time adaptive signal receiver-processor that automatically adjusts the array
beam sensitive pattern so that a measure of the quality of the array performance
is improved

An adaptive array offers enhanced reliability compared to that of conventional
array.

When a single sensor element in a conventional array fails, the sidelobe
structure of the array sensitivity pattern may be significantly degraded because of
sidelobe increase. With an adaptive array, however, the response of the
remaining operational sensors in the array can be automatically adjusted until the
array sidelobes are reduced to an acceptable level.
wave front

w1
w2

s(t)
wn
control algorithm
signal processor
pattern forming network
sensor array
array
output
y(t)
1
2
N
x
1
(t)
x
2
(t)
x
N)
(t)
Principal System Elements Of Adaptive Array
ADAPTIVE
PROCESSOR
Pattern forming network
ULA Adaptive Beamformer
w
1
*
narrowband signal
(N-1)dsin
0

2dsin
0

dsin
0

I&Q
downconv-
ert and
ADC
I&Q
downconv-
ert and
ADC
I &Q
downcon
vert and
ADC
I&Q
downconv-
ert and
ADC
w
n
*
w
3
*

w
2
*
y= w's
d
/2

1 2
3 2
N

exp(j(2f
0
t-k.r)
plane
wavefront
Figure: 2 A ULA adaptive beamformer

0


s
n
= exp(j2(n-1)(d/)sin
0
) ,
n= 1,2,..........N
N
output y = w
n
*
s
n =
w's
n=1





STEERING VECTORS




s
1
exp(j*o)
s
2
exp( j2 (d/)sin
0
)
s (
o
) = s
3
= exp( j2(2)(d/)sin
0
)
.
.
s
n
exp( j2(n-1)(d/)sin
0
)








and w
1

w
2

W = w
3

.
.
w
n



To maximize the response of the beamformer to a plane wave arriving at an AoA of
0
, we have the following
optimization problem:

max y
2
= max w's
2

{w} {w}
subject to w = constant<
where the constant gain constraint is imposed to ensure a final solution. Since w's is only an inner or dot
product of two non zero norm vectors w and s , Schwarz's inequality can be applied , i.e.
w's
2
= w
2

s
2

with equality if (and only if ), the vectors are collinear.
This yields the result
w = k s

This result is intuitive inasmuch as it states that the optimum beamformer
applies phase corrections to each channel to compensate for the time delays
associated with the plane wave travelling across the array. More specifically at
the nth channel forms the product
wn*sn e-
j n
* e
j n
= 1,thereby cancelling the phase term .

The beamformer thus coherently integrates the signal outputs from each
channel. Without this compensation, destructive interference would occur with a
commensurate decrease in output signal strength.

An important and fundamental limitation of linear beamformers is that they
will also in general , respond to signals arriving from other angles.This can lead
to many practical problems, as strong unwanted signals from other directions
can interfere with the signal of interest.

To visualize this effect, consider the response of the above beamformer
to plane waves arriving from -90 to + 90 with w=ks , where s is
chosen to be a plane wave with AoA
o
. If we let xn denote the
output of the nth receive channel ( and x be the corresponding vector
of received values), then the total beamformer output, steered , to
angle o., is given by

N
y = w'x = k xn exp(- j2(n-1)(d/)sin
0
)
n=1

It has the form of discrete fourier transform(DFT) .

For this particular example, an analytical expression for for the
normalized beamformer response exists and is given by


sin[ N d/ (sin() sin (
0
))]

|y | = 1/N
sin[ d/ (sin() sin (
0
))]

Beam Response for
o
=30
We set d/=0.5(half wavelength element spacing), N=16,
o
=30 , and x
n =
exp(j2(n-
1)(d/)sin

)

, n=1,......N
While varying from -90 to + 90, the following beamformer response results (with k=1).
N=16 , d/ =0.5
o
=30
Example of Adaptive Antenna Processing
Let the signal arriving from the desired direction be called the "pilot" signal p(t)=Pe
jt
, and let the noise,I(t)=Ne
jt
be incident
to the receiving array at /6 radians.
Both the pilot signal and the noise signal are assumed for this example to be at exactly the same frequency .
At a point in space midway between the antenna array elements, the signal and noise are assumed to be in phase. In the
example shown , there are two identical omnis spaced apart .

w1+jw2 w3+jw4

p(t)=Pe
jt
I(t)=Ne
jt

d=/2
array output
desired signal noise signal
=/6
. The array output due to the desired signal is
Pe
jt
{[w1+w3]+j[w2+w4]}
. For this output to be equal to the desired output p(t)=Pe
jt
.It is
necessary that
w1+w3=1 and w2+w4=0
. The incident interfering noise signal exhibits a
phase lead with respect to the array midpoint when impinging on
the element with complex weight w3+jw4 of pi/4 and phase lag
when striking the other element of value pi/4. Consequently the
array output due to the incident noise is given by
Ne
j( t - pi/4 )
[w1+jw2]+ Ne
j( t + pi/4 )
[w1+jw2]
. For array noise response to be equal to zero, it is necessary
that w1+w2+w3-w4=0 and -w1+w2+w3+w4=0
solving simultaneously. The solution is,
w1=1/2,w2=1/2,w3=1/2,w4=-1/2

Simulation of null steering beam former with four elements antenna array.
d
Plane wave
direction of
arrival
Figure : Four elements equally spaced linear array
Antenna
element
1 2
3 4

Desired signal at =/4, Iinterferers at /2, /6 and 0
Assume d = /2
Then steering vector is
S
i
=[exp(-j1.5kdsin (
i
)) , exp(-j0.5kdsin(
i
)) , exp(j0.5kdsin(
i
)) , exp(j1.5kdsin(
i
)) ]
Form matrix A
A= [S
0,
S
1,
S
2,
S
3
]
e
1
= [1, 0, 0, 0]
Weight vector W is given by
W
H
= inv (A)

RESULT


Limitations of simple null steering beam-former
1) We get unity response in the look direction and nulls in the desired directions, but there may be
greater than unity response in the directions other than look and null directions, which is
undesirable.
In the transmission mode, such type of simple null steering beam-former wastes energy in the
directions other than look direction.
2) It requires knowledge of the directions of interfering sources.
3) The weights estimated by this scheme do not maximize the output SNR.
4) If small noise component presents in the direction where array response is greater than unity then
this noise component gets a gain over the look direction and will reduce the output SNR of adaptive
array.

OPTIMUM ARRAY PROCESSING FOR NARROW BAND APPLICATIONS

1. Minimum Mean square error criterion (MMSE).
2. Signal to noise ratio (SNR) criterion.
3. Minimum noise variance (MV)criterion.

MMSE CRITERIA contd
The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) Performance Measure
y = w's + w'n = y
s
+ y
n

|y
s
|
2

SNR =
E{|y
n
|
2
}

E{|y
n
|
2
} = |y

|
2
f
yn
(y) dy
-
E{|y
n
|
2
} = E{|w'n|
2
} = w' E{|nn'

|}w = w' Rw
where R = E{|nn'

|} , is the covariance noise matrix(size NxN) associated with n ( assumed to be zero mean)

Case 1: Additive White Noise

|w's

|
2
|w's

|
2

max = = max


{w} w' R w {w}
2
w
2

subject to w'w = 1. For this case R =
2
I,
2
= kT
eff
B
which is mathematically identical to
w = ks
Case 2: Additive Coloured Noise

|w's

|
2

max =


{w} w' R w
subject to w'w = 1.
Noting that R
1/2
R
-1/2
= I, and applying Schwarz's inequality we have the following inequality
|w's

|
2
|w' R
1/2
R
-1/2
s

|
2

=
w' R w w' R w


( w' R w ) ( s' R
-1
s)
= ( s' R
-1
s)
or simply
|w' R
1/2
R
-1/2
s

|
2

( s' R
-1
s)
w' R w
Equality is achieved when R
1/2
w = kR
-1/2
s or w = k R
-1
s
and SINR
opt
= s' R
-1
s
R is of the form :- R= R
I
+
2
I: where R
I
is a generally positive semidefinite covariance matrix associated with a coloured noise source (i.e
clutter and orjamming) that is uncorrelated with the white noise
If there are N
j
uncorrelated jammers R has the form
N
j

R=
j
2
s
j
s
j
' +
2
I
i=1
Minimum Noise Variance (MVDR)
where

is the observed data covariance matrix

LIMITATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL ADAPTIVE SYSTEM



Requires large number of voltage snapshot

Computational complexity is large

Statistical Conventional methodology is required.

One needs to form the covariance matrix of the data and invert it.


Direct Data Domain least Squares Technique


Advantages

Statistical methodology is not required

Based on single snapshot of data

Can be implemented in real time using signal processing system

Faster

Requirement

Direction of arrival of the desired signal( SOI) should be known

Disadvantage

Reduced degree of freedom













The phasor voltage X
n
induced at the nth antenna element at a particular instance of
time will then be given by
p
x
n
= s e
j2nsin
s
/
+ I
p
e
j2nsin
p
/
+n
p=1
where,
S = complex amplitude of the SOI (to be determined)

s
= direction of arrival of the SOI (assumed to be known)
= spacing between each of the antenna elements
= wavelength of transmission (here it is assumed that we are dealing with
narrowband signals)
P = total number of interferers

p
= complex amplitude of pth undesired interferer

A
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
5
V
6
V
7

I
1

I
3

S
x
z
I
2

V
n


y
Figure -
Uniform
Linear array.
Direct Data Domain Adaptive nulling Problem
Formulation
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1
[ .............. ]
n N N
X X X X X X X X X X X X

=
| |
0 1
1 2 1
1
( 1) ( 1)
L
L
L L N
L L
X X X
X X X
X
X X X
+
+
+ +
(
(
(
=
(
(

| |
0 1
1 2 1
1
( 1) ( 1)
L
L
L L N
L L
s s s
s s s
S
s s s
+
+
+ +
(
(
(
=
(
(

2 sin
s
n
j n
S e
t |

A
=
Where
Suppose voltage snapshot is available at time is
1
t t =
Form matrix [X] from obtained snapshot as
Form the Matrix [U] such that
| |
( )
| | | | | | { }
( )
| |
1, 1 1 1
1, 1
0
L L L L
L L
U W X S W o
+ + + +
+ +
= =
| | | | | | { }
U X S o =
We obtain the following generalized eigenvalue problem:
Forward Method
( )
0 0
1,1 U X S o =
( )
1 1
1, 2 U X S o =
2
exp[ sin ]
s
j d
Z
t
|

=
( )
1
1,1 (1, 2) Contains no component of SOI U Z U

( )
1
Same is true for 1, 2 (1, 3) U Z U

( )
1
In General , ( , 1) for 1, 2,..... 1 & 1, 2,..... U i j Z U i j i L j L

+ = + =
Therefore one can form a reduced rank matrix
| |
( 1) L L
T
+
generated from | |
U
such that
| |
1 1 1
0 1 1 2 1
1 1 1
1 2 2 3 1 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
( ) ( 1)

L L
L L
N L N L N L N L N N
L L
X Z X X Z X X Z X
X Z X X Z X X Z X
T
X Z X X Z X X Z X

+

+ +

+
+
(
(

(
=
(
(

(

0
1
L
W
W
= 0

W
(
(
(
(
(

To restore the desired signal, we fix the gain of sub-array

formed by L+1elements in the direction of SOI.
1 1 1
0 1 1 2 1
1 1 1
1 2 2 3 1 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
( 1) ( 1)
1

L
L L
L L
N L N L N L N L N N
L L
Z Z
X Z X X Z X X Z X
X Z X X Z X X Z X
X Z X X Z X X Z X

+

+ +

+
+ +
(
(

(
(

(
(
(


0
1
L
( 1) 1 (L+1) 1
W C
W 0
=

0 W
L+
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (

or equivalently

[A][W] = [Y]
0
1
L
i i
i
W X
C
o
=
=

And an estimate of desired signal is given by,
Output of these 7 elements
is used to estimate SOI from
calculated weights
Output of these 13 elements is used to estimate
set of 7 weights
Antenna
element
0 1 2
6
11 12

* 1 * * 1 * * 1 *
1 1 2 1
* 1 * * 1 * * 1 *
1 1 1 0
( 1) ( 1)
1
L
N N N N L L
L L L L
L L
Z Z
X Z X X Z X X Z X
X Z X X Z X X Z X



+
+ +
(
(

(
(
(

(



'
0
1
( 1) 1 ( 1) 1
0

0
L
L L
W
C
W
W
+ +
( (
( (
( (
=
( (
( (

Backward Method
The estimate of output signal is given by
*
L+v
L
*
i L-i+v
'
i=0
Z
= WX
v
C
o
(
(

for v = 0, 1,..L
Forward-backward method
1 1 1
0 1 1 2 1
1 1 1
1 2 2 3 1 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
* 1 * * 1 * * 1 *
1 1 2 1
* 1 * * 1 * * 1 *
1 1 1 0
1
Q
V V
V V
N Q N Q N Q N Q N N
N N N N N Q N Q
Q Q Q Q
Z Z
X Z X X Z X X Z X
X Z X X Z X X Z X
X Z X X Z X X Z X
X Z X X Z X X Z X
X Z X X Z X X Z X

+

+ +

+



+

( 1) ( 1) Q Q + +
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

0
1
( 1) 1 ( 1) 1
0

0
V
Q Q
W C
W
W
+ +
( (
( (
( (
=
( (
( (

Degree of Freedom of Forward-backward
method is greater than forward and
backward method. e.g. for 13 elements
linear array.
DOF forward method = 6
DOF backward method = 6
DOF forward-backward method = 9
(a) Forward Method
(b) Backward Method
(c) Forward-backward Method
Simulation results of Direct
Data Domain algorithms.
No. of elements in the array=13
Spacing between the elements=
SOI = 30 degree
Interferers= 55, 75,-25 and -50 deg.
4 interferers are 20 dB stronger than
SOI
/ 2
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
ANGLE OF ARRIVAL IN DEGREES
B
E
A
M

P
A
T
T
E
R
N

(

d
B

)
Forward method(SOI=30deg and Interferers at 55,75,-25 and -50 deg)
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
ANGLE OF ARRIVAL IN DEGREES
B
E
A
M

P
A
T
T
E
R
N

(

d
B

)
Backward method(SOI=30 deg and Interferers at 55,75,-25 and -50 deg)
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
ANGLE OF ARRIVAL IN DEGREES
B
E
A
M

P
A
T
T
E
R
N

(

d
B

)
Forward-backward method(SOI=30 deg and Interferers at 55,75,-25 and -50 deg)
Prevention of Signal Cancellation in an Adaptive Nulling algorithm
Problem arises when the actual direction of arrival of the signal is slightly off the assumed direction of
arrival
Multiple look-direction constraints can be used to prevent signal cancellation, when the direction of arrival
is not known exactly.
Multiple points are chosen on the nonadapted array pattern and a row is implemented in the matrix equations
The size of the matrix [U], for example, is established by the following parameters:

Q = number of look-direction constraints
L+1 = number of weights to be calculated
L-Q+1 = number of interferers that can be nulled
Relationship between the number of weights, number of constraints, and number of elements:
N = 2L Q
Simulation of Forward Method With Multiple Look Direction to Prevent Signal Cancellation.

We consider an array of N+1=21 antenna elements and we employ the forward method. We apply three look direction
constraints and check the performance across the main beam. This leads to the following relationship:
N+1=21,Q=3, and so L+1=12 and 9 jammers can be cancelled.
A MATLAB code was written for SOI coming from 30 and with 3 look direction constraint placed at 26,30and 34. Also
considered were 9 jamming signal coming from -10,-30,-50,-70,0,10,50,60and 80. In addition, we have thermal noise at
each antenna element,
If the signal changes course from 30 to 26 or 34 it can still be detected as the algorithm prevents signal cancellation.

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
ANGLE OF ARRIVAL IN DEGREES
B
E
A
M

P
A
T
T
E
R
N

(

d
B

)
Forward method with 3 look directions at 26,30 and 34 deg
EFFECT OF MUTUAL COUPLING ON ADAPTIVE ARRAYS AND ITS
COMPENSATION

Most adaptive arrays assume that the elements of the receiving are
independent isotropic point sensors that sample but do not reradiate, the
incident fields.
We further assume that the array is isolated from its surrounding.
However, in the actual scenario, each element has some physical size. Not
only do the elements spatially sample but they also reradiate the incident
fields.
The reradiated fields interact with other elements causing the elements to
be mutually coupled.
Mutual coupling not only destroys the linear wavefront assumption for the
signal of interest but also for the interferers and clutter impinging on the
array.

Thus the voltages induced at the antenna elements are required to be
corrected to compensate for the mutual coupling.













Accounting For Mutual Coupling Among An Array Of Dipoles


The assumption of a plane wave front impinging on an array implies that the
fundamental starting equation in an adaptive algorithm relating the received voltages
due to the signals incident on the individual antenna elements can be written as a sum
of complex exponentials.


The presence of mutual coupling among the elements of an antenna array destroys this
plane wave assumption.


Therefore, unless the effects of mutual coupling are accounted for, adaptive algorithms
will be incapable of extracting the solution for the problem.


Mutual coupling among the elements of the antenna elements affects adversely nulling
capability of the adaptive algorithm.


Deep nulls are not formed in the direction of interferers and some times nulls are not
formed in the direction of interferers.
To illustrate the elimination of mutual coupling among the antenna elements, we
consider an array of parallel thin-wire dipole antennas.

The dipoles are assumed to be z-directed of length L and radius a, and are placed along
the x-axis, separated by a distance.

The port of each antenna element is located at the center and is loaded with an
impedance of ZL ohms.

The array lies in the x-z plane as shown in the figure .















z = L
z = 0
x A
x
z
L
Z
L
Z
L
Z
Array Elements
The voltages for a single snapshot are measured across these loads.

Each antenna element is now no longer an omnidirectional radiator but has an electrical
length of and an electrical radius of.

Here is the wavelength corresponding to the operating angular frequency.

Consider an incident electric field Einc impinging on an array with N+1elements.

This results in an induced current flowing along the axis of the wires.

Since the array is composed of thin wires, the following simplifying assumptions are
valid.

1) The current flows only along the direction of the wire axes (here the z direction) and
there is no circumferential variation of the current. Let this current be I(z).

2) The current and charge densities on the wire are approximated by filaments of current
and the charge distribution on the wire axes.

3) Surface boundary conditions can be applied to the relevant axial component on the
wire axes.
Compensation using open-circuit voltages

The idea of using open-circuit voltages to compensate for the effect of mutual coupling
was first proposed by Gupta and Ksinski .

They argue that due to the lack of a terminal current the reradiated fields are reduced
and the open-circuit voltages are free of mutual coupling.

The principle idea is to derive the open-circuit voltages from the measured voltages for
further signal processing.

However the theory is valid only for further half wavelength dipoles with half wavelength
spacing.

For the more general case one can use the MM analysis in the analysis in conjunction
with the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits to obtain the open-circuit voltages.

Using the notation developed above we define a new matrix [Y] whose entries are those
rows and columns of the MM admittance matrix [Y] that correspond to the feed ports that
is,




'
,
1 ,
pq
i l
Y Y p q N = s s
( ) ( )
1 1 / 2 i p p p = + +
( ) ( )
1 1 / 2 l q p p = + +
Note that this matrix [Y] is defined from the admittance matrix that does not include the
load impedances. The open-circuit voltages are then related to the short-circuit currents
as



The measured voltages are also related to the short-circuit currents through




Eliminating the short-circuit currents from the above equatins yields the open circuit
voltages as





The open-circuit voltages we refer to are obtained from the measured voltages.
| |
1
'
[ ]
oc sc
V Y I

( =

| | | | | |
1
1
'
L meas sc
V Y Z I

(
= +

| | | | | |
1
1
' '
L oc meas
V Y Y Z V

(
( ( = +


Simulation Results


To show the effect of mutual coupling and its compensation, we first consider an ideal
case.

Hence, the antenna elements are considered to be point sources.

The array considered is Uniform linear array consisting of 13 elements with inter-
element spacing x = 0 .5.

We assume that no mutual coupling exists between the elements.











Figure 1:-Model of an ideal array consisting of isotropic point radiators.

x A
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
5
V
6
V
7

I
1

I
3

S
x
z
I
2

V
13


y
Consider a scenario where three interfering signals are impinging on an array at the
angles -45,20 and 55 degrees respectively.

The direction of arrival of desired signal is 0 degree.

The magnitude of SOI is 1 V/m and magnitude of interferes is 2V/m.

The model of an ideal antenna array is shown in figure (1).

The voltages measured at the ports of the antenna elements are then passed to the
signal recovery subroutine to find the weights using the direct data domain least squares
method (D3LS).

The simulation result for this ideal case is shown in Figure 2 .

The figure 2 demonstrates that in the absence of mutual coupling, the receiving
algorithm is highly accurate and can null a strong interferer.
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
ANGLE OF ARRIVAL IN DEGREES
B
E
A
M

P
A
T
T
E
R
N

(

d
B

)
SOI at 0 deg and interferers at -45,20,55 degree
Figure 2:- Adapted beam pattern in the absence of mutual coupling (Ideal
antenna array)
In the second scenario the mutual coupling between the antenna elements is taken into
account, as they are not isotropic elements.

Each element is of size /2 and with inter-element spacing x=0 .5.

Piecewise sinusoidal basis function is considered and a total of 7 basis function per
element is considered.

The details of the array chosen for the second scenario are presented in Table1.
TABLE 1
Parameters defining the elements of the array.

Number of elements in array 13

Length of z-directed wires

Radius of wires

Spacing between wires

Loading at the center




/ 2
/ 200
/ 2
50 O
The receiving algorithm tries to maintain the gain of the array in the direction of SOI
(along the direction =0) while automatically placing nulls along the directions of the
interferences.

All signals and interferers arrive from the azimuth =0.

The signal of interest and the intensities of the interferer along with their directions of
arrival are given in Table 2.

TABLE 2
Complex amplitudes of the SOI and interfering signals and their directions of arrival.

Magnitude Phase(degree) DOA (degree)

SOI 1.0 V/m 0 0

Interferer 1 2.0 V/m 0 -45
Interferer 2 2.0 V/m 0 20
Interferer 3 2.0 V/m 0 55





The antenna array is analyzed using the method of moments (MM).
The intensities of the signal and the interferences along with their directions of arrival are
used to calculate the MM voltage vector.

A MATLAB program was written to evaluate Equations. The [Z] matrix obtained is of
size (91 x 91).
















Figure3 :- Adapted beam pattern in the presence of mutual coupling (No
attempt is made to compensate for mutual coupling)
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
SOI=0 deg and Interferers at -45,20,55
ANGLE OF ARRIVAL IN DEGREES
B
E
A
M

P
A
T
T
E
R
N

(

d
B

)
Figure 3 shows the beam pattern when the mutual coupling between the antenna
elements is taken into account.

The nulls in the antenna array pattern are shallow.

which is angle of arrival of second interferer.

The shallow nulls result in an inadequate nulling of the interference environment.

Hence the signal cannot be recovered properly.



Next, we use the open circuited voltages.

The open-circuit voltages are then passed to the D3LS algorithm, and an attempt is
made to recover the signal.




-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
SOI=0 deg and Interferers at -45,20,55
ANGLE OF ARRIVAL IN DEGREES
B
E
A
M

P
A
T
T
E
R
N

(

d
B

)
Figure 4:- Adapted beam pattern using open-circuit voltage
compensation technique for mutual coupling
Figure 4 shows the simulation result using the open-circuit voltages.

The figure shows that after compensation for mutual coupling the null at 20 degree is
formed more deep as compared to uncompensated case.

Also the null at 55 degree is deeper, as compared to the uncompensated case.

This example has shown that open-circuit voltages do provide some compensation for
mutual coupling.

The use of open-circuit voltages provides significantly better signal recovery than using
the measured voltages directly.


Our objective has been to compensate for the effects of mutual coupling by relating the
open-circuit voltages (voltages at the ports of the array if all were open circuited) with the
voltages measured at the ports.

The stated assumption is that the open-circuit voltages are free of mutual coupling. This
assumption is valid only in a limited sense.

The open-circuit voltages are the voltages in the presence of the other open-circuited
elements. This implies that the effects of mutual coupling have been reduced but not
eliminated.
REFERENCES


1. Smart antennas T.K.Sarkar, M.C. Wicks, M.S.Palma, R.J. Bonneau, published by
John wiley and sons,Year 2003


2. Effect of mutual coupling on performance of adaptive arrays- By Inder J. Gupta and
A. Kseinski, IEEE Transactions On Antennas and propagation, vol. AP-31,No.5,
September 1983,pp 785-791.


3. Compensation for the effects of mutual coupling on Direct data Domain Adaptive
Algorithms-Raviraj S. Adve and T.K.Sarkar, IEEE Transactions On Antennas And
Propagation, Vol. 48, No. 1, January 2000, pp 86-94.