Contents:

Introduction to grouting
Purpose of grouting
applications
Methods of grouting
Intrusion grouting
Permeation grouting
Compaction grouting
Jet grouting
Compensation grouting
Deep mixing method
Chemical grouting
Geo synthetics
Conclusion
references
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Introduction:
Defined as the injection of a special liquid or
slurry material called grout into the ground for
the purpose of improving the soil or rock.
Grouting generally is used to fill voids in the
ground with the aim to increase resistance
against deformation, to supply cohesion, shear-
strength and uniaxial compressive strength.
DESIGN STEPS:
1.Identify underground construction problem,
2.Establish objectives of grouting program,
3.Perform special geotechnical study,
4.Develop initial grouting program, 5.Develop
performance prediction, 6.Compare with other
solutions, 7.Refine design and prepare
specifications.




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The purpose of injecting a grout may be any one or
more of the following:
Void filling to prevent excessive settlement.
Strengthening adjacent foundation soils to protect
them against damage during excavation, Pile driving,
etc.
Soil Strengthening to reduce lateral support
requirements.
Stabilization of loose sands against Liquefaction.
Foundation Underpinning.
Reduction of machine foundation vibrations.

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Advantages:
Can be performed on almost any ground
condition.
It doesn't induce vibration and can be
controlled to avoid structural damages.
Improvements to ground formations can be
measured.
Very useful for confined spaces and low
headroom applications.
Used for slab jacking to lift or level distorted
foundations.
Can be installed adjacent to existing walls.
Can be used to control seepage, groundwater
flows and hazardous waste plumes.

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METHODS OF GROUTING:
Intrusion grouting:
Consists of filling joints or fractures with grout.
Primary benefit is reduction in hydraulic conductivity.
Used to prepare foundation and abutments for dams.
Usually done using cementitious grouts.
Permeation grouting:
Injection of thin grouts into the soil.
Once the soil cures, becomes a solid mass.
Done using chemical grouts.
Used for creating groundwater barriers or preparing
ground before tunneling.

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Compaction grouting:
In this method, grout mix is specifically designed so
as not to permeate the soil voids or mix with the soil.
Instead, it displaces the soil into which it is injected.
In Compaction grouting a very stiff (say 25-mm
slump) mortar is injected into loose soils, forming
grout bulbs.
bulbs displace and densify the surrounding ground,
without penetrating the soil pores.
Used to repair structures that have excessive
settlement.


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Jet Grouting or High Pressure Grouting can be employed
in all soils from clays to coarse gravels irrespective of
grain size distribution void ratio or pore sizes.
Jet grouting uses a high pressure jet (approx. 400 bar) to
cut the natural soil in order to mix and partially replace it
with the grout.
Uses:
Underpinning of existing structures.
Downward extension of foundations in the case of
settlements or increased load.
Soil improvement, even underneath existing structures.
Vertical impervious barriers.


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Jet grouting:
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Grout body produced by jet
grouting (Soilcrete Columns)
Grout body produced by low
pressure conventional grouting
(Injection Grouting)
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Compensation grouting is the responsive use of
compaction, permeation or hydro fracture grouting as
an intervention between an existing structure and an
engineering operation (particularly tunnel
excavations).
The aim is minimize movement of the ground that
would affect the existing structure.

Uses: Structures where subsidence occurs due to
tunneling. Slide 19
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This Method is today accepted world-wide as a
soil improvement method
Which is performed to improve the strength,
deformation properties and permeability of the
soil.
It is based on mixing binders, such as cement,
lime, fly ash and other additives, with the soil
by the use of rotating mixing tools
This forms columns of a hardening material
since pozzolanic reactions between the binder
and the soil grains are developed like in the
case of jet grouting.
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Chemical grouting:
Chemical grout is defined as any grouting
material characterized by being a pure solution;
no particles in suspension.
The chemicals used are Sodium silicate,
Acrylamide, Acrylate and Urethane.
The grout material should be,
A powder readily soluble in water.
Inexpensive and derived from chemicals in
abundant supply.
Stable at all anticipated storage conditions.
Nontoxic.
Noncorrosive.
Non explosive.

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Chemical grouting:
The grout solution should be:
A low-viscosity solution, preferably that of water.
Stable under all normal temperatures.
Nontoxic, non corrosive, non explosive.
Catalyzed with common, inexpensive chemicals.
Insensitive to salts normally found in groundwater.
Should have stable pH on the positive side
Readily controlled for varying gel times.
Able to withstand appreciable dilution with
groundwater.
The end-product should be:
Permanent gel.
Unaffected by chemicals normally found in
groundwater.
Nontoxic, non corrosive, non explosive.
High strength.
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Goe synthetics:
Soil is stronger in compression than in tension.
To improve strength in tension, geo synthetics
placed in soil for soil reinforcement.
Types:


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Applications and uses of geo
synthetics:

A geotextile is a permeable geosynthetic made
of textile materials.
Geogrids are primarily used for reinforcement;
they are formed by a regular network of
tensile elements with apertures of sufficient
size to interlock with surrounding fill material.
Geomembranes are low permeability
geosynthetics used as fluid barriers.
Geosynthetics have six primary functions:
1. filtration, 2. drainage, 3. separation, 4.
reinforcement, 5. fluid barrier, and 6.
protection.

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Uses:
Geotextiles are often used as separators to prevent
fine- grained sub grade soils from being pumped
into permeable, granular road bases and to
prevent road base materials from penetrating into
the underlying soft sub grade.
Geogrid and geotextile reinforcement enables
embankments to be constructed over very soft
foundations. They are also used to construct
stable slopes at much steeper angles than would
otherwise be possible.
Geomembranes, thin-film geotextile composites,
geosynthetic-clay liners, and field-coated
Geotextiles are used as fluid barriers to impede
the flow of a liquid or gas from one location to
another.
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Conclusion:
The demand for improving and stabilizing land for
different purposes is expected to increase in the future
and the best way to fulfill it is by using deep mixing
methods.
The technology of grouting is not new; it is
constantly developing with innovation of new
materials and construction technique.
Geosynthetics is also increasingly and effectively use
for soil improvement nowadays.
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References:
Purushothama Raj.P, grouting techniques, Ground
improvement techniques.
Chemical Grouting and Soil Stabilization, By Reuben H.
Karol.
Assessment and Comparison of Grouting and Injection
Methods In Geotechnical Engineering by Sina Kazemian.
Bowen, R. 1981. Grouting in Engineering Practice,
2ndEdition, Applied Science, New York.
Robert D. Holtz, Geosynthetics for soil reinforcement.

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Compensation grouting:
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