URBAN ECOSYSTEM:

PROBLEM AND
MANAGEMENT OF SOLID
WASTE



By:

Subhash Anand
SSN College, Delhi University
Delhi 110036 (INDIA)
Municipal solid waste includes commercial and residential wastes generated
in municipal or notified areas (Management and Handling Rules, 2000). In
other words, it is a heterogeneous mixture of paper, plastics, cloth, glass,
organic matter etc.

Urban solid waste consist of household wastes, construction and demolition
debris, sanitation residues, industrial and hospital waste (Planning
Commission, 1995).

According to World Health Organization, the term "Solid Waste" is applied to
unwanted and discarded materials from houses, street sweepings, commercial
and agriculture operations arising out of mass activities.

Solid waste can be defined in terms of unwanted residues, solid or semisolid
that is thrown away by domestic, industrial and commercial sectors. The
words rubbish, garbage, trash, refuse or junk are often used as synonyms
when talking about solid waste
SOLID WASTE
Solid Waste Management is a process of Generation , Segregation
Collection, Transportation, Processing, Disposal and Utilization of waste
materials.
The main purpose of solid waste management is to minimize the
adverse effects the human and environment.
Waste management practices differ for developed and developing
nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial
producers.
About of the MSW generated in urban India is collected and
disposed off in non- scientifically managed dumping grounds.
Improper SWM contributes to 6% of Indias methane emissions and is
the third largest emitter of methane in India and causing Climate
Change. This is much higher than the global average to 3% methane
emissions from solid waste.



.
Solid Waste Management
Since the beginning, Human kind has been generating waste.
It could be in the form of:
Bones
Other parts of animals they slaughter
Wood
With the progress of civilization the waste generated became of a
more complex nature.
At the end of 19
th
century (Industrial revolution) there was rise in the
world of consumers.

The increase in population , urbanization and changing lifestyle is
also largely responsible for the increase and composition of in solid
waste.
Municipal Solid Waste
Residential
Kitchen waste, garden trimmings
paper, glass, metal, rubber, plastic,
wood etc.
Institutional and Commercial
Paper, cardboard, glass, napkin, food
waste etc.
Municipal Solid
Waste Materials
Street Sweeping
Roadside litter, dust, soil, plant leaves
etc.
Construction and Demolition
Concrete, bricks, plaster, stones, soil
etc.
Classification of Solid Wastes

Solid waste is usually categorized as per their sources, composition, processing potential and
environmental consideration. A general classification is as follow:

Household Waste derived from residential neighborhoods is the largest component of urban
solid waste.

Commercial Waste consists of shops, restaurants, hotels, business establishment, market
wastes varied in totality but each specific sources may have only one type of waste material.

Institutional Waste generate from government offices, religious institutes, schools, colleges,
universities. Generally it contain a large amount of paper and other light material.

Hospital Waste is produced during diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings and
in research activities and testing of biologicals.

Industrial Waste derived from enterprises such as packaging materials, leather products, wool
and textile factories and assembly enterprises for imported goods. This waste tends to be
specific to the city concerned and linked to local natural resources forming the basis for local
industry.

Bio-degradable Waste include those waste which reduce biologically, such as food waste,
flowers, fruit waste, garden waste, kitchen waste, etc.


Non-Biodegradable Waste are those materials which can not be degraded, which require
artificial means of processing to reduce its amount and are not perishable.

Hazardous Waste generally hospital and industrial waste is considered as hazardous waste, it
is harmful for the human, animals and plants affecting the proper functioning of the ecosystem.
It consists toxic elements.

Compostable Wastes are those wastes on which the microorganisms can feed and reduce the
quantity with the help of biological processes. Such wastes can act as good nutrient fertilizers
for vegetative cover without disturbing the ecosystem.

Combustible Wastes includes those materials, which can be burnt down in order to properly
dispose off although the residue remains of very small percentage is left behind and can be
mixed with the soil.

Inert Waste includes the wastes, which does not react with any chemical composition and
hence retain their present nature of composition, even, if they all dumped into the soil or set
ablazed.

Municipal Solid Waste
The term Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is commonly used to describe most of the non-
hazardous solid wastes from an area that requires routine collection and transportation,
processing and disposal of it. It contains a wide variety of materials.
Component
Description
Food wastes The animal, fruit or vegetable residues (also called garbage) resulting from the
handling, preparation, cooking, and eating of foods. Because food wastes are
putrescible, they will decompose rapidly, especially in warm weather.
Rubbish Combustible and noncombustible solid wastes, excluding food wastes or other
putrescible materials. Typically, combustible rubbish consists of materials such
as paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, rubber, leather, wood, furniture, and garden
trimmings. Noncombustible rubbish consists of items such as glass, crockery, tin
cans, ferrous and nonferrous metals, dirt, and construction wastes.
Ashes and residues Materials remaining from the burning of wood, coal, coke, and other combustible
wastes, Residues from power plants normally are not included in this category.
Ashes and residues are normally composed of fine, powdery materials, cinders,
clinkers and small amounts of burned and partially burned materials.
Demolition and
construction wastes
Wastes from razed buildings and other structures are classified as demolition
wastes. These wastes may include dirt, stones, concrete, bricks, plaster, lumber
shingles, and plumbing, heating and electrical parts.
Special wastes Wastes such as street sweeping, roadside litter, catch-basin debris, dead animals,
and abandoned vehicles are classified as special wastes.
Treatment plants
wastes
The solid and semisolid wastes from water, wastewater, and industrial waste
treatment facilities are included in the classification.
Classification of Materials Comprising Municipal Solid Waste
The type of litter we generate and the approximate time it
takes to degenerate
Type of litter
Approximate time it takes to
degenerate the litter
Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit
peels, leftover foodstuff, etc
A week or two.
Paper 1030 days
Cotton cloth 25 months
Wood 1015 years
Woolen items 1 year
Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as
cans
100500 years
Plastic bags one million years
Glass bottles undetermined
Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste

Compostable / Bio-degradable = 30% - 55%
matter (can be converted into
manure)


Inert material = 40% - 45% (to go to
landfill)


Recyclable materials = 5% - 10%
(Recycling)

These percentages vary from city to city depending on food
habits, lifestyle and socio-economic conditions.
Current global MSW generation levels are approximately 1.3 billion tonnes per
year, and are expected to increase to approximately 2.2 billion tonnes per year
by 2025.
This represents a significant increase in per capita waste generation rates, from
1.2 to 1.42 kg per person per day in the next fifteen years.

GLOBAL MSW GENERATION
The average per capita waste generation in India is 370 grams/day as compared to 2,200
grams in Denmark, 2,000 grams in US and 700 grams in China

Among the four geographical regions in India, Northern India generates the highest
amount of MSW (40,500 TPD or 14.8 million TPY), 30% of all MSW generated in
India; and Eastern India (23,500 TPD or 8.6 million TPY) generates the least, only 17%
of MSW generated in India.
MSW GENERATION IN INDIA
Composition of MSW in India and Regional Variation
Change in Composition of Indian MSW 1973, 1995 and 2005
Cities Generating Different Quantities of MSW
Waste Generation Rates and Characteristics of MSW
in Ten Metro Cities of India
City

Waste
(TPD)

Per Capita /
Day (Kg)

Compostable
(%)

Recyclable
(%)
Delhi

5922

0.57

54.42

15.52

Greater Mumbai

5320

0.45

62.44

16.66

Chennai

3036

0.62

51.34

16.34

Kolkatta

2653

0.58

50.56

11.48

Hyderabad

2187

0.57

54.20

21.60

Bangalore

1669

0.39

51.84

22.43

Ahmedabad

1302

0.37

40.81

11.65

Pune

1175

0.46

62.44

16.66

Kanpur

1100

0.43

47.52

11.93

Surat

1000

0.41

56.87

11.21

Source: CPCB, 2006
The six metro cities, Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad and
Bengaluru together generate 48,000 TPD (17.5 million TPY) of MSW.

Currently, India has 53 cities with populations greater than one million,
generating 86,245 TPD (31.5 million TPY), which is about 46 % of the total
MSW generated in urban India.

The remaining 313 cities studied generate 15.7 million TPY (43,000 TPD),
23% of the total urban MSW, only half of that generated by the 53 cities
with million plus population.

366 cities which represent 70% of Indias urban population and generate
130,000 TPD or 47.2 million TPY at a per capita waste generation rate of 500
grams/day. This implies the total MSW generated by urban India could be
as much as 188,500 TPD or 68.8 million TPY.
CITIES / TOWNS CLASS I CLASS II
No. of Cities 299 345
Total Population 1281138655 22375588
Waste Generation
(MT/d)
48134 1454
Mode of collection
Manually 50% 78 %
Trucks 49 % 21 %
Others 1 % 1 %
Disposal
Dumping 94 % 93 %
Composting 5 % 6 %
Others 1 % 1 %
Status of Solid Waste Management in Class I Cities
and Class II Towns
Actors in SWM System
Community
NGO
Municipality
Formal
Activities
MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Informal
Activities
Public-Private Partnership
Wholesaler
Waste Picker
Dealer
Deficiencies in Waste Storage and Collection System

Waste spread over the roads, streets, gardens, commercial areas which have
given rise to problem for residents. Some of deficiencies are as follows:

Lack of dhalaos and litter bins in the city;
There is no any standard for fixing the dhalaos and dustbins;
Unequal distribution of waste receptacles in each and every zone of cities;
Bins and dhalaos are not cleared regularly;
Lack of proper maintenance of dhalaos, dustbins and waste storage points;
Lack of civic sense and bad habits of people to litter;
Lack of public awareness, motivation and education;
Lack of cooperation from households, trade and commerce;
No provision for door to door collection of waste in most of areas;
Lack of coordination on municipal staff;
Lack of financial resources;
Resistance to change the attitude.
Deficiencies in Waste Transportation System

Population and generation of waste is less but the collection points are more in numbers
whereas in many others, situation is just reverse.
Transport system is not synchronized with the secondary storage systems.
Number of regular operators is much lesser than required.
Transport vehicles are not covered which is against the guidelines given by the Supreme
Court;
Vehicles are poorly maintained. It is because of an inadequate workshop facilities and
maintenance procedures.
Spare parts are not readily available, because the procurement system is cumbersome and
slow;
Mostly waste transport vehicles have to travel on major roads which remains very much
congested due to long route traffic passing through city;
Encroachments across the lanes also pose a problem. Transportation from the inner lanes
of the city is found very difficult;
All types of mixed waste including hazardous and construction material are removed by
transport vehicles.

PROBLEMS IN SOLID WASTE SECTOR

Lack of planning for waste management while planning
townships
Lack of proper institutional set up for waste management,
planning and designing in urban local bodies
Lack of technically trained manpower
Lack of community involvement
Lack of expertise and exposure to city waste management using
modern techniques / best practices
Lack of awareness creation mechanism
Lack of Management Information Systems
Lack of funds with ULBs
Indifferent attitude of ULBs to levy user charges and
sustainability
Impact on Municipal Solid Waste on
Environment and Health
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE


ENVIRONMENT IMPACT HEALTH



AIR WATER LAND COMMUNITY RAG STRAY
PICKERS ANIMALS



AIR POLLUTION AIR BORNE DISEASES
WATER CONTAMINATION WATER BORNE DISEASES
LAND POLLUTION SKIN DISEASES

IMPACTS OF IMPROPER SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. Improper solid waste management causes
a. Air Pollution,
b. Water Pollution and
c. Soil Pollution.

2. MSW clogs drains, creating
a. stagnant water for insect breeding and
b. floods during rainy seasons

3. Greenhouse gases are generated from the decomposition of organic wastes
in landfills.

4. Insect and rodent vectors are attracted to the waste and can spread diseases
such as cholera and dengue fever.

5. Some Health Problems linked to improper solid waste management are,
a. Nose & throat infections, b. Lung infection, c. Breathing problems, d. Infection,
Inflammation, e. Bacterial infections, f. Covert lung hemorrhage, g. Altered
immunity, h . Allergy, asthma and i. Other infections.

Most solid waste is dumped in landfills without sorting or treatment
leading to air, land and water pollution/foul odour/unsightliness .

The landfills/dump sites are
an eyesore
flies; vulture; dogs, cattle, human involved in rag picking transmit
diseases to nearby human population.
22 human diseases linked to improper solid waste management.
The organic fraction of the MSW attracts rodents and vector insects.
Leachete, also called percolate, is the liquid produced by the
biodegradation of waste and by the seepage of water through waste.
LANDFILL SITES
Landfill Gas is a source of air pollution originating in sanitary
landfill sites.
Landfill Gas created by anaerobic decomposition of organic matter
by various micro-organisms.
Composition of Landfill Gas
45% to 60% Methane (CH
4
)
35% to 50% Carbon Dioxide (CO
2
)
Remaining - Nitrogen (N
2
) , Sulphar (S) & Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOC) that are generally very smelly.
Cancer causing compounds such as benzene and polyvinyl
chloride.

VARIOUS TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS RECOMMENDED FOR
WASTE PROCESSING

TOWNS GENERATING GARBAGE

UPTO 50 METRIC TONS / DAY(MT/DAY) = VERMI-COMPOSTING

BETWEEN 50 MT & 500 MT / DAY = VERMI-COMPOSTING +
MECHANICAL COMPOSTING

MORE THAN 500 MT / DAY = MECHANICAL COMPOSTING +
REFUSE DERIVED FUEL(RDF)
FROM REJECTS KEEPING IN
VIEW THE TYPE OF THE CITY
(INDUSTRIAL OR NON-
INDUSTRIAL)
OR
BIO-METHANATION
METHODS FOR MSW MANAGEMENT
Earth Cover
Sanitary Landfill
Incineration
Composting
Refuge Derived Fuel
Gas Recovery
Bio-Methnation
4 Rs Principle

Reduction
Reuse
Recycling
Processing
Incineration
Sanitary Landfilling
Dumping
Least
Preferred
Most Preferred
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Strategy

Waste Processing should be Technically sound, Financially viable, Eco-friendly,
Easy to operate & maintain by local community in Long term sustainability

4 Rs CONCEPT
Four Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and
Resource Recovery) to be followed for waste
management.



Developing Countries

1. No Source Separation of waste
2. More organic waste
3. Storage, Collection and
Transportation is poor.
4. Disposal method is unsustainable
5. No EIA of landfills study
6. Negative impact on env & rag
pickers.
7. Waste service is not as per
requirement
8. Low emphasis on 4 Rs Principle.
9. Low coordination and
accountability B/W Agencies.
10. People participation & awareness is
low.

Developed Countries

1. Separation of waste in 2 bins.
2. More recyclable waste
3. Storage, Collection and Transportation is
efficient.
4. Disposal methods are Scientific.
5. Regular EIA of landfill study.
6. V. low impact on health and env.
7. Waste services is as per people 'choice.
8. Highest Priorities to 4 Rs Principle.
9. Good coordination and full
accountability B/W Agencies.
10. High level of participation and
awareness.

Solid Waste Management
AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR MSW
MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
Ministry of Environment and Forest (Municipal Solid Waste
Management Rules, 2000). According to MSWM Rule, 2000 every
municipal body is responsible for collection, storage, segregation,
transportation, processing and disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
in an environment friendly manner.
Ministry of Urban Development
Urban Local Bodies
Central Pollution Control Board
State Pollution Control Board
NGOs (eg Shristi, Vatavaran)
Resident Welfare Associations (RWA)
PPP

EIGHT NATIONAL MISSIONS UNDER NAPCC


DELHI: SECTORS IDENTIFIED UNDER CLIMATE
CHANGE AGENDA
SCENARIO OF SOLID WASTE MANGEMENT IN DELHI
20 0 20 40 60
Kilometers
R
I
V
E
R

Y
A
M
U
N
A
77 0'E 77 15'
77 0' 77 15'
28
45'
28
30'
28
30'
28
45'
URBAN DELHI
N.C.T. DELHI
URBAN AREA
N
S

H
9
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2
2
2
.
8
8
2
.
8
9
9
6
.
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9
9
0
20
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60
80
100
120
MCD NDMC DCB
Bodies
P
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c
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n
t
a
g
e
Area
Population
Area and Population of Local Bodies (2011)
Total and Urban Population of Delhi (1901-2011)
Source: Compilation based on Census Reports.
Year
Total
Population
Urban
Population (%)
1901 405891 51.45
1911 413851 56.35
1921 488452 62.32
1931 636241 70.33
1941 917939 75.79
1951 1744072 82.40
1961 2658612 88.75
1971 4065698 89.68
1981 6220406 92.73
1991 9420644 89.93
2001 13850507 93.01
2011 16753235 97.49
Decennial Growth Rate of Population in
Delhi (1911-2011)
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
P
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e

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G
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Year
Total Population Urban Population
Physical Composition of Municipal
Solid Waste
6.03%
5.57%
0.99%
0.23%
38.6%
13.89%
34.71%
Bio degradable
Inert Material
Bio-resistant
Plastic
Paper
Metal
Glass and
crockery
Waste Generation and
Composition
Monthly Variations in MSW Quantity
(2005-2011)
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
W
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n

M
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s

Months
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Zone-wise Per Capita Waste Generation
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
C
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Population and Waste Generated in Delhi
(1991-2011)
(r = 0.98)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
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1991 1995 2001 2005 2011
P
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(
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Year
Population Waste Generated
W
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(
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)

DELHI
NUMBER OF SANITARY WORKERS
IN MCD ZONES
Waste Service Index Based on Scoring
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
N
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High
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Status of Waste Services in MCD Zones by Z-
Score
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Highly Served High Moderately Served
Lower Moderately Served Least Served
WASTE SERVICE INDEX BASED ON Z-SCORE
Average Amount of MSW Reaching Landfill Sites
per day in Delhi (1995-2010)
3524
5668
5992 6034
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
1995 2000 2005 2010
W
a
s
t
e

(
i
n

m
e
t
r
i
c

t
o
n
n
e
s
)

Years
EXISTING LANDFILL SITES IN DELHI
Source: Gupta, 2009
Landfill Sites of Delhi
Rag pickers at Okhla landfill site
Stray animals at Ghazipur landfill site Air and Water pollution at Bhalaswa landfill
site
GHGs EMISSION FROM LANDFILL SITES

The landfill Gas consists of about 45% to 60% Methane (CH
4
),
35% to 50% Carbon Dioxide (CO
2
) and remaining Nitrogen
(N
2
), Sulphar (S), etc.
The total methane flux calculated for three landfill areas of
Delhi (Gazipur, Bhalswa and Okhla) is as 0.54 Gg/year.
It is relatively in higher side as compare to the total methane
emission estimated from MSW landfill sites in India i.e., from
0.30 - 1.8 Tg per year.
By 2020 Delhi alone will contribute about 10 % of total methane
emission from municipal solid waste in India.
Trend of Solid Waste Generation in India Trend of Methane Emission in India
Source: Singhal and Pandey, 2001
SOLID WASTE AND METHANE EMISSION IN INDIA
Year Present 2015 2020 2024
Population 1.62 Cr.
(16.2
Million)
1.99 Cr.
(19.9
Million)
2.23 Cr.
(22.3 Million)
2.45 Cr.
(24.5 Million)
Daily
Visitors
0.06 Cr.
(0.6 Million)
0.078 Cr.
(0.78
Million)
0.087 Cr.
(0.87 Million)
0.095 Cr.
(0.95
Million)
Per Capita
Waste
Generation
500 Gms /
day
700 Gms /
day
725 Gms / day 750 Gms /
day
Waste
Generation
8500 (TPD) 14475 (TPD) 16800 (TPD) 19100 (TPD)
Future Scenario of MSW
Source: MCD, Delhi
Segregation of Domestic Garbage
54
33
13
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Always Never Sometimes
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e

o
f

F
a
m
i
l
i
e
s
34%
23%
10%
11%
11%
11%
Injuries
Jaundice
Chest pain
Asthma
Cough+Cholera
Others
Rag Pickers Suffering with Diseases
Rag Pickers are playing crucial role in SWM. They are
truly environmentalists, providing thankless job in
unhygienic environment and suffer from many
occupational health hazard.
Major Findings about Delhi SWM

All the high population density zones (City, Karol Bagh, Sadar
Paharganj) are having high rate of municipal waste
production.
114 per cent growth has been recorded during 1991-2011 but
infrastructural not increased proportionately.
Number of dustbins, vehicles and sanitary workers gradually
declines from core to periphery zones.
90-95 per cent waste of Delhi is reaching landfill sites and
increasing the height of sites. Presently, all three landfills are
fully packed, overflowing and emitting various toxic gases .
About 40 per cent respondents suggested that awareness and
participation among people must be enhanced.


MSW of Delhi is highly bio-degradable in nature which has higher
moisture content and low calorific value and it is more suitable
for composting purposes.
Govt. launched many campaign time to time but failed
because of lack of peoples participation. Level of
awareness among people was found low.
Sustainable SWM is a key to mitigate climate change
caused by landfill GHGs emission.
SWM requires not only segregation at source, proper
collection, efficient transport, scientific disposal but also
waste reduction, reuse, recycle and resource recovery.
It should also incorporate new technologies for collection,
processing and treatment (bio-methenation, composting,
refuse derived fuel (RDF), sanitary land filling ) of MSW
and reclamation and value extraction from existing
dumping yards.


Sustainable Solid Waste Management
SUGGESTED READINGS

Agarwal, S.K. (2002). Eco-Informatics: Wealth from Waste Vol. III. APH
Publishing Corporation, New Delhi

Annepu, R.K. (2012). Sustainable Solid Waste Management in India. Earth
Engineering Center, Columbia University.

Anand, Subhash. (2010). Solid Waste Management. Mittal Publication, New
Delhi

CPCB (2006). Assessment of Status of Municipal Solid Waste Management
in Metro Cities and State Capitals. Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi

Dhamija, Urvashi (2006). Sustainable Solid Waste Management: Issues and
Policies and Structures, Academic Foundation, Delhi.

Singh, R.B. (2006). Sustainable Urban Development, Concept Publishing
House, New Delhi.