CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

LECTURE 1 (14)
OBJECTIVES
To study:

the parts of the CVS

its functions

structure of the heart and

its functions
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The Cardiovascular System

A closed system comprising of the heart and
blood vessels

Heart pumps blood

The blood is circulated to all parts of the body
through the blood vessels

Functions of CVS:
to deliver oxygen and nutrients to all the cells
and tissues &
to remove, from them, carbon dioxide and
other waste products


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Blood is pumped from-

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HEART
VEINS
VENULES
CAPILLARIES
ARTERIOLES
ARTERIES
STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
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THE HEART AS A PUMP
Heart rate in healthy person: 70 beats/min

Each beat is comprised of 2 phases:
Systole-contraction
Diastole-relaxation

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from all parts
of the body through the superior & inferior venecavae

This blood goes into the right ventricle through an orifice
guarded by the tricuspid valve

From here it is pumped into the lungs through the right and
left branches of the pulmonary artery for oxygenation
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THE HEART AS A PUMP (2/2)
The oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium
through the four pulmonary veins

The left atrium contracts & sends the blood into the
left ventricle through the bicuspid valve (Mitral valve)

And from the left ventricle it is pumped out into
circulation through the aorta.

The atrioventricular valves allow the blood to flow from
the atria into the ventricles and the semilunar valves
allow blood flow from the ventricles into the arteries
(pulmonary artery & aorta)

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STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
The heart wall is composed of three layers:
pericardium
myocardium
endocardium

PERICARDIUM
is the outermost coat made up of 2 layers

The outer layer is called the parietal layer and the
inner layer is called the visceral layer.

In a normal heart, the 2 layers lie close together
with a thin film of fluid between them

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STRUCTURE OF THE HEART(2/4)
MYOCARDIUM

Composed of specialized cardiac
muscle found only in the heart

ENDOCARDIUM

Is the epithelial lining that lines the
chambers of the heart


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STRUCTURE OF THE HEART(2/4)
The heart consists of four chambers:
2 atria & 2 ventricles

The atria are comparatively thin-walled
structures that act as receivers,
the right for systemic circulation &
the left for pulmonary circulation

They contract to deliver blood into the
corresponding ventricles

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STRUCTURE OF THE HEART(3/4)
The ventricles are
thick-walled
structures & contract
very forcefully

The left ventricular
wall is much thicker
than the right (3:1)
since it has to
overcome the
hydrostatic pressure
in the aorta


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STRUCTURE OF THE HEART(4/4)
The interatrial
septum separates
the two atria while

the interventricular
septum separates
the two ventricles


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Conduction of impulses
The sinoatrial node (SA
node) is situated near the
entrance of the venecava in
the right atrium

The SA node is called the
PACEMAKER of the human
heart

It generates 70-80
impulses/minute

These impulses travel down
to the atrioventricular node
(AV node) situated near the
septum at the base of the
right atrium

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Conduction of impulses (2/2)
From the AV node,
impulses travel to the
right and left branches
of the Bundle of His

These branches extend
to the right and left
sides of the septum and
to the bottom of the
heart

The impulses reach the
bottom of the ventricles
through the Purkinje
fibres
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THE VASCULAR SYSTEM

LECTURE-2 (10)
OBJECTIVES
To study

types of blood vessels and their
functions

types of circulation

blood pressure
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ANATOMY OF BLOOD VESSELS
Three layers (tunics)
around the lumen

i. Tunica intima
endothelium+elastic
fibres

ii. Tunica media- smooth
muscle +some elastic
fibres

iii. Tunica externa or
adventitia -mostly
collagenous fibres






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Differences Between Blood Vessel
Types

Arteries walls are thicker than in
veins

Veins have largest lumen, elasticity is
low as compared to the arteries

Capillaries have only the intima to
allow for exchanges between blood
and tissue
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CAPILLARIES
Allow exchange of
gases, nutrients
and wastes between
blood and tissues

Overall large
surface area and
low blood flow


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Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Two circulatory paths
Pulmonary

Systemic

BLOOD PRESSURE (3)
BLOOD PRESSURE
It is the pressure
exerted by the blood on
the wall of the vessel

Arteries are able to
expand and recoil
because of the presence
of elastic fibres in the
arterial wall

Systolic pressure:
pressure during systole

Diastolic pressure:
pressure during diastole

Pulse pressure= SBP-DBP

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Variations in BP

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Normal BP in adults:
SBP:130-110 mm Hg
DBP:80-75 mm Hg
Average BP :
120/80 mm Hg
BP is affected by age: low in
the young & rises after the age
of 40
HYPERTENSION
When SBP > 140 mm Hg
HYPOTENSION
When SBP < 100 mm Hg
HYPERTENSION may be:
Essential or primary (95%
cases)-
cause is not known
Secondary (5% cases) -
cause can be determined and
treated.
Measurement of BP using a sphygmomanometer
The doctor puts the cuff around the
left arm and inflates the cuff while
checking the radial arterial pulse.
The pulse suddenly stops. He inflates it
a little more & then begins to deflate
@2-3mm/sec. The pulse suddenly
becomes palpable again. Let this point
be A.
He then deflates the cuff completely,
places the bell of the stethoscope on
the antecubital space & inflates the
cuff again well past A.
Then he waits to hear the Korotkov
sounds as he slowly deflates the cuff.
Initially he hears no sound but as the
pressure in the cuff is released, blood
starts flowing again and the doctor can
hear the tap sound in the stethoscope.
This is the SBP .
The doctor continues releasing the
pressure on the cuff and listens until
there is no sound. This is the DBP.
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KOROTKOV SOUNDS
Phase I: appearance of tapsound-
SBP
Phase II: sounds become like
murmurs
Phase III: sounds become loud
Phase IV: sounds become muffled
Phase V: sounds disappear-DBP