Terpenoids

Derivatives of terpenes are known

as Terpenoids.The properties of terpenoids are
Unsaturation : They have one or more double
bonds. The structure may be open-chain or cyclic
with one or more carbon atom ring.
They undergo addition reactions.
They are very easily oxidised due to the presence
of olefinic bonds.
Polymerisation takes place.
On thermal decomposition, most of the
terpenoids yield isoprene as one of the products.

Enfleurage

This is a method used to extract essential oils like rose
& jasmine. This is also known as Adsorption in purified
fats. In France this method was widely used.
In the first step the fat is warmed to 50 degree Celsius
in glass plates.
Cover the surface of the fat with flower petals.
Keep it for several days until it become saturated with
essential oils.
Replace the old petals by fresh petals.
Repeat the process.

After removing the petals the fat is digested with
ethyl alcohol.
The oils present in the fat get dissolved in alcohol.
Along with the oils some fat may get dissolved in
alcohol. This is removed by cooling the alcohol
extract to 20 degree Celsius , when the fat
separates out.
Fractional distillation under reduced pressure is
used to remove the solvent from alcoholic
distillate.
Nowadays the fat has been replaced by
coconut charcoal. This coconut charcoal is
having greater stability & higher adsorptive
capacity. Here steam distillation is used . This
is superior to the enfleurage method.
Geraniol C
10
H
18
O

Properties of geraniol
Pleasant smell
Colourless liquid
Boiling point: 229-230 degree C at 757 mm
pressure.
Uses of geraniol
Perfumery
Artificial rose scents.

Source of geraniol

Rose oil
Lemon grass oil
Geranium oil
Lavender oil
Citronella oil

How can we show that geraniol contains two
double bonds?
Since geraniol forms addition products with two
moles of hydrogen, two moles of bromine etc the
presence of two double bonds in geraniol is
satisfied.

-C
10
H
22
O is the product formed when two moles
of hydrogen is added to geraniol.
-When two moles of bromine is added
to geraniol, the product formed is C
10
H
18
O.Br
4
.

Name the product obtained when geraniol
undegoes oxidation?
On oxidation geraniol yields an aldehyde with
the same number of carbon atoms, indicating
that geraniol is a primary alcohol.

Nerol

Nerol is related to geraniol. Nerol is the
geometrical isomer of geraniol.
Nerol occurs naturally in essential oils like
neroli & bergamot.
The molecular formula of nerol is C
10
H
18
O.
Nerol is used in perfumeries.

Give the minor constituents of lemon oil
Limonene
Pinene
camphene
Phellandrene
Terpinene
Octaldehyde
Nonaldehyde
Citronellal
Terpineol
Iinalyl acetate
Methylheptenone
bisabolene
Cadinene
Citraptene

Give the major constituent of lemon oil
Citral
Give the habitat of citrus limonia
Sicily,South Italy,California
Give the source of lemon oil
By expression of the fresh skins of lemons,
Citrus limonia.