-A substation is a vital part of an electrical generation,

transmission and distribution system.

-Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the
reverse.
-Substation is an interconnection between generating
station and consumer through transmission network.
-Electric power flows through several substations at
different voltage levels to reach the actual consumer.
-Switching is the major function which is needed to be
performed satisfactorily using its components.
SUBSTATION
COMPONENTS OF A SUBSTATION
CIRCUIT BREAKER
ISOLATOR
CURRENT TRANFORMER
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
BUS BAR/CONDUCTORS
LIGHTENING ARRESTORS
CONTROL CUBICLES/MARSHALLING BOX


Surge Monitor
with Counter
Lightening Arrestor
Stack C
Stack B
Stack A
Insulator Base
Support Structure Connected to System Earthing
LIGHTENING ARRESTORS
RATING-198kV, 10kA, Metal Oxide Surge Arrestor.
These lightening arrestors are gapless type.
Consists of ZnO
2
blocks arranged in series.
Monitoring of leakage current is done online.
The arresters leakage current, in particular, the third
harmonic component of the resistive leakage current, is
known to be directly related to the degree of degradation of
the ZnO
2
arrestor.
Resistive component of leakage current and its trend is
monitored (100micro amps).
Insulation Resistance is measured in offline state.

Maintenance of Current Transformers
Tan Delta Testing
Insulation Resistance
Secondary Resistance-to ensure tightness of connections.
Oil Level
Nitrogen Pressure
Knee Point Value
Polarity (For new installation)
Ratio Error
General Cleanliness-removal of dust, dirt, oil seepage etc.
Always have a look on de-link type terminals before primary
circuit energisation

Maintenance of Potential Transformers
Insulation Resistance
Oil Level
Nitrogen Pressure
Polarity (For new installation)
Ratio Error
General Cleanliness-removal of dust, dirt, oil seepage etc.
Check Fuses for tightness in the grip.
Maintenance of Circuit Breakers
General Cleanliness-removal of dust, dirt etc.
Insulation Resistance Value
Breaker Closing and Tripping Timing
Breaker Contact Resistance
Interlocks checking-Low Gas Pressure Alarm/Lock out-
Interlocks checking-Low Air Pressure Alarm/Lock out.


Condition Monitoring in a Substation
Thermo vision scanning is done to locate the
hot spots or any other loose connection. This
is done using a Infrared Camera (FLIR, USA
make).
Scanning schedule is once in a month.
This helps in detecting hot points at an early
stage and thus gives us ample time to plan
shutdown.

Condition Monitoring in a Substation
For healthiness of Lightening Arrestors, 3
rd

Harmonic Leakage Current is measured in live
condition.
This is done using a special instrument-
Transinor Make(Sweden).
The resisitive component of the 3
rd
Harmonic
leakage current is measured which indicates
the watt loss in a lightening arrestor.
Earthing in a substation
The purpose of substation grounding/ earthing is to
protect the equipment from surges and lightning
strikes.
To protect the operating persons in the substation.
The substation earthing system is necessary for
connecting neutral points of transformers and
generators to ground
For connecting the non current carrying metal parts
such as structures, overhead shielding wires, tanks,
frames, etc to earth.
Earthing in a substation
Step Potential:
Step potential is the potential difference between the feet of a
person standing on the floor of the substation, with 0.5 m spacing
between the feet (one step), through the flow of earth fault current
through the grounding system.
Touch Potential:
Touch potential is a potential difference between the fingers of
raised hand touching the faulted structure and the feet of the
person standing on the substation floor. The person should not get
a shock even if the grounded structure is carrying fault current, i.e,
The Touch Potential should be very small.

Earthing in a substation
SAFETY CLEARANCES FOR WORKING ON EXTRA
HIGH VOLTAGE (EHV
Persons shall not be allowed any part of their body or objects
to approach within the following Safety Clearances exposed
EHV/HV conductors, which are Live. (Except during approved
live line work).
Rated Voltage (KV) Safety Clearance X
(Meters)
Up to 33 0.8
66 1.0
132 1.4
220 2.4
400 3.1

RATINGS OF EQUIPMENTS
220kV AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER (ABCB)

Rated voltage 245kV rms
Type Outdoor, ABCB, DLF-nC2
No. of Poles 3 pole
Frequency 50 Hz
Rated normal current 2000 A
Rated short time withstand current 40 kA
Rated peak withstand current 100 kAp
Rated duration of short circuit 3 Sec.
Operating mechanism Pneumatic closing /tripping
Auto-reclosing duty Single phase & three phase
Rated operating sequence O-0.3sec-CO-3 min-CO
First pole to clear factor 1.3
1.2/50 micro sec impulse withstand voltage 1050 kVp
1minute dry & wet power frequency withstand voltage 460 kV rms
Rated short circuit breaking current 50 kA
Normal Air Pressure 30kg/cm
2

RATINGS OF EQUIPMENTS
220kV SF6 GAS CIRCUIT BREAKER

Rated voltage 245kV rms
Type Outdoor, SF6, 200-SFM-40A
No. of Poles 3 pole
Frequency 50 Hz
Rated normal current 3150 A
Rated short time withstand current 40 kA
Rated peak withstand current 100 kAp
Rated duration of short circuit 3 Sec.
Operating mechanism Spring closing & Pneumatic tripping
Auto-reclosing duty Single phase & three phase
Rated operating sequence O-0.3sec-CO-3 min-CO
First pole to clear factor 1.3
1.2/50 micro sec impulse withstand voltage 1050 kVp
1minute dry & wet power frequency withstand voltage 460 kV rms
Rated short circuit breaking current 40 kA
Normal Gas Pressure 6kg/cm
2

Normal Air Pressure 15kg/cm
2

220kV Current Transformer
Sr. No. Description Value
1.
Highest System voltage 245kV rms
2.
Frequency 50 Hz
3. Type Oil Filled (Hermetically Sealed)
4. Insulation Level 460 / 1050 kV Peak
5. Short term current rating 40KA for 3 Sec.
6. Rated continuous Thermal current 1.2 times the rated primary current
7. No. of Cores 6
8. CT Ratio 800-1200-1600/1A-1A-1A-1A-1A-1A
9.
10. Standard applicable : IS-2705
Core Ratio VA Class Accuracy
limit
factor
Knee
Point
Voltage
(KPV)
Exciting
Current
at KPV
Secondary
Resistance
75C Max.
(ohm)
Purpose
I 800/1
1200/1
1600/1
-
-
-
PS - 1200V
1800V
2400V
25mA at 300V
20mA at 450V
15mAat 600V
3.0
4.5
6.0
O/A differential
II 800/1
1200/1
1600/1
25 5P 20 - - LBB, Back up O/C
III 800/1
1200/1
45 0.2
Isf < 5
- -

- - For metering.
IV 800/1
1200/1
1600/1
-
-
-
PS - 600V
900V
1200V
30mA at 300V
20mA at 450V
15mA at 600V
4.5
6.0
12.0
Bus bar
differential
(Main.)
V 800/1
1200/1
1600/1
-
-
-
PS - 600V
900V
1200V
30mA at 300V
20mA at 450V
15mA at 600V
4.5
6.0
12.0
Bus bar
differential (Check
zone).
VI 800/1
1200/1
45 0.2
Isf < 5
- -
-
- - For Check
Metering.
220kV Potential Transformer
Sr. No. Description Value
1
Highest System voltage 245kV rms
2
Frequency 50 Hz
3 Type Oil Filled (Hermetically Sealed)
4 Insulation Level 460 / 1050 kV Peak
Rated Voltage Factor 1.2 Continuous and 1.5 for 30 Sec
Standard applicable : IS-3156
No. of Cores 4
Sr.
No.
Core Ratio VA Accuracy
Class
Purpose
1 I (S1) 220/ 3 KV / 110/ 3 V
110V
15
0

0.2 Metering
2 II (S2) 220/ 3 KV / 110/ 3 V
110V

50
0
0.2 / 3P Metering /
Protection
3 III (S3) 220/ 3 KV / 110/ 3 V
110V

75 0.2 / 3P Metering /
Protection
4 IV (S4) 220/ 3 KV / 110/ 3 V
110V

15
0

0.2 Metering
Sr No. Conductor Dia (mm) Name Sr. No. Conductor Dia (mm) Name
1 10.05 RABBIT
24
21.00 PANTHER
2 10.11 RAVEN
25 21.78
HAWK
3 11.97 BEAVER
26 22.26
LION
4 10.98 MINK
27 23..45
BEAR
5 12.30 RACCOON
28 25.15
GROSBEAK
6 12.66 OTTER
29 25.97
GOAT
7 12.95 SKUNK
30 26.73
ANTELOPE
8 13.50 CAT
31 26.80
KUNDAH
9 13.95 HORSE
32 27.00
BISON
10
14.15 DOG
33 27.00
SHEEP
11 14.16 HARE
34 28.13
DRAKE
12 14.57 HYENA
35
28.62 ZEBRA
13 15.25 COUGAR
36 28.95
MALLARD
14 15.81 LEOPARD
37 29.89
DEER
15 15.89 COYOTE
38 29.89
SCORPION
16 16.52 TIGER
39 30.15
CAMEL
17 16.75 DINGO
40 31.50
ELK
18 17.36 MERLIN
41 31.68
CURLEW
19 18.05 CARACAL
42
31.77 MOOSE
20 18.13 WOLF
43 33.12
MORCULLA
21 18.28 LINNET
44 35.81
BERSIMIS
22 19.30 JAGUAR
45
36.61 TARANTULA
23 19.53 LYNX
46 38.25
BULL