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MECHANICS OF FRP
COMPOSITE LAMINATES
Stresses, Strains & Failure
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PRESENTOR
PROF.DR. A.KANNI RAJ M.E.(NITT), PH.D.(IITM)
AUTHOR - Omni Scriptum GmbH & Co KG - GERMANY
PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF ARONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
PSN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MELATHEDIYOOR-627152
TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT
TAMILNADU
INDIA
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COMPOSITES
"A composite is a structural material which consists of
combining two or more constituents. The constituents are
combined at a macroscopic level and are not soluble in each
other. One constituent is called the reinforcing phase and the
one in which it is embedded is called the matrix.
Reinforcing phase - Fibres, particles or flakes
Matrix- Materials are generally continuous, eg. polymer.
A lamina (also called a ply or layer) is a single flat layer of
unidirectional fibers or woven fibers arranged is a matrix.
A laminate is a stack of plies of composites. Each layer can be
laid at various orientations and can be different material
systems."
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LAY-UP CODES
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ORTHOTROPY
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HOOKES LAW
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STIFFNESS
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LAMINATES
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NEED FOR STACK
lamina (ply) of FRP is remarkably
strong along the fiber direction
lamina is considerably weaker in
all off-fiber directions
So, a laminate constructed by a
number of laminae oriented at
different directions is used
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LAMINA THEORY
valid for thin laminates
(span a and b > 10thinckness t)
small displacement w in the transverse
direction (w << t)
It shares the same classical plate
theory assumptions
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KIRCHHOFF IDEAS
Normals remain straight (they do not
bend)
Normals remain unstretched (they keep
the same length)
Normals remain normal (they always
make a right angle to the neutral plane)
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GOOD BONDING
The bonding itself is infinitesimally small
(there is no flaw or gap between layers)
The bonding is non-shear-deformable
(no lamina can slip relative to another)
The strength of bonding is as strong as
it needs to be (the laminate acts as a
single lamina with special integrated
properties)
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PLATE THEORY
The classical lamination theory is identical
to the classical plate theory
only difference is in the material properties
(stress-strain relations)
In classical plate theory, material is
isotropic, while FRPlaminate with multiple
plies have more complicated
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CORNERSTONES
Kinematic equations
Constitutive equations
force resultant equations
equilibrium equations
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KINEMATICS
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WHERE
u
0
, v
0
, and w
0
are the displacements of the
middle plane in the x, y, and z directions,
respectively.
Please note that some literature may
define k
xy
as the total skew curvature which
eliminates the factor of 2.
Also note that Kirchhoff's assumptions are
introducted to simplify the displacement
fields.
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CONSTITUTIVE
alternatively,
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WHERE
subscript k indicates the k
th
layer
counting from the top of the laminate
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RESULTANTS
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WHERE
subscript k indicates the k
th
layer
from the top of the laminate
N is the total number of layers.
Note that perfect bonding is
assumed so we can move the
integration inside the summation
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EQUILIBRIUM
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[A],[B] & [D]
The plate is homogeneous
Plate is not isotropic material
subjected to both transverse and in-plan
loadings
Cartesian coordinate system is used
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AGAIN
goal is to develop the relations
between the external loadings and the
displacements
relations between the resultants
(forces N and moments M) and the
strains (strains and curvatures k) are
of most interest in practice
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REPALCE F & M
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PLUS
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where
A is called the extensional stiffness
B is called the coupling stiffness
D is called the bending stiffness of laminate
COMBINE
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COMPONENTS
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t
k
is the thickness of the k
th
layer
is distance from mid-plan to the centroid of
k
th
layer
Forming A, B, and D, is probably crucial step
WHERE
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TSAI-HILL
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WHERE