FEVER

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Fever,fever,
I have had one ever,
Which I can’t forget forever.

I clearly remember,
The temperature increased faster,
Like something burning inside,
But couldn’t scatter.
Then I felt shiver,
And the gooseflesh covered the body all over.
Several hours later,
The shiver became weaker,
And the heat scattered faster.
But high temperature as ever
With lip drier
And great pain suffer.
So I feel asleep quicker.

When awoke,
A lot of sweat covered all over,
But I felt as well as former.
Health came back,
And I became cheerful and happier as
ever.
Scientific

method
 Scientific method

Scientific method is the tool that devised for the analysis

and solution of problems in the natural world.

The method can be applied as much to situations in

everyday life as to conventional “scientific”problems.

The world might even be a happier place if more people

attempted to solve their problems in a “scientific”way.
 Scientific
method
Stages of scientific method
Observing a phenomenon that is in some way interesting
or puzzling

Making a guess as to the explanation of the phenomenon.

Devising a test to show how likely this explanation is to

be true or false.

Carrying out the test, and on the basis of the results,

deciding whether the explanation is a good or not.
 Scientific method

The dog understands

English?
Mr Smith has a dog. He notices that every evening, after dinner, when
he goes to the door with his coat on and says “let’s go”, the dog
immediately understands and runs. So, Mr Smith thinks his dog can
understand English.

• What is the observation here?

The dog apparently responds to the call of “let’s go”.

• What is Mr Smith's hypothesis?

The dog understands English.

• Is this the only explanation?

No. The dog may respond to a total situation (after dinner, going to
the door, coat on, call) , what is called is only a small part of them. A
change in the call may not matter much to the dog.
 Scientific method

Can we devise a test to discriminate between these

possibilities?

(a) Call “let’s go" to the dog in a different situation: for example, in
the morning when the owner does not usually go for a walk.

(b) Go to the door, in the normal way (coat on, after dinner) without
calling anything.

(c) Do likewise and call some other thing like “listen to music".
Medical

Experimental

Design
 Experimental design

Scientific experiments are popular in modern

medical research. Before the experiment, the
researcher must have an imagination of the specific
content and objective of the medical research.
This is called Experimental Design.

control
features randomization
replication
 The Basic Format of Experimental Design Report

Title

Introduction

Material and Method

experimental object (sample content)
drugs and instruments
dividing groups
(control 、 randomization 、 replication)
experimental steps
Experimental result (forecasting)
Result analyse
Conclusion
 Title

small , not big.

The title should be
material ， not
abstractive.
The effect of chinese hurbs to heart disease.

The effect of dan shen to Angina pectoris.

 Title

The principle of selecting subject :

Select the subject you are familiar and interested
within the wide field of Pathophysiology.

The title had better include three factors :

study object 、 study aim 、 study
method
Suppression of peritoneal metastasis in human gastric
carcinoma by enhanced immunogenicity of B7-1 transfection .
 Introduction

(theory basis of research 、 actuality of research 、 aim of researc

Why do you choose this subject?

What have been done by other researchers in this subject?

And What have not been resolved?(refer to medical literature)

Bring forward your hypothesis.

hypothesis is the core of the

experiment.
 Introduction

Could you have some

hypothesis connecting frog
to human organ transplant?

Some frogs naturally freeze in winter,they hop again in spring. Canadian

scientists are studying frozen frogs. Frogs can keep alive in frozen state,
so scientists think these frogs hold the secret for better organ transplant.
 Introduction

There is an good idea,

there is an opportunity to success.

                        
Do you know
the invention of stethoscope?
 Introduction
If your doctor examined you by placing his ear against your
chest, you would think this method wasn't very scientific. But
that is how doctors listened to the sounds of the heart before
the invention of the stethoscope. Doctors knew that the thumps
and thuds inside the body could tell them a great deal. They
looked for ways to hear these sounds better.
 Introduction
In 1816, a French doctor, Rene Laennec, was watching some
children play. He saw child A had her ear pressed against a long
piece of wood. Child B made a pinging sound with a pin at the
opposite end of the wood. The child A could hear the pinging
sound very clearly.

Observing the game,Laennec thought he could apply the physical

principle of this game to improve auscultation of the patient's chest.
Initially he made a cylinder from a notebook and placed one end of
this tube to his ear and the other to the patient's chest ,he heard the
heart sounds more clearly. In this way,he invented mediate
auscultation to overcome the limitations of the immediate one.
 Material and method

Experimental object : having enough sample content

Quantitative index: animal heat 、 blood pressure 、 pulse…

10 ~15/group

Qualitative index : good or bad 、 dead or alive 、 hydrops or

not …
20 ~30/group
 Dividing group

Control is the first principle of experimental design.

∗ Eliminate the interference of non-experimental factors.

Experimental group: A+B+C+D+E

Control group: A+B+C+D

Result
（ changes ）
 Dividing group

An example:
Growth hormone is secreted in response to a number of agents, including
the arginine.
This was shown by injecting volunteers with arginine.

As a control, the researchers injected the volunteers with a saline solution.

To their surprise, growth hormone was again secreted.

The researchers then waved a syringe and needle in front of their

volunteers, and found that the waving provoked growth hormone secretion
too.

Growth hormone is now known to be secreted in response to stress as

well as arginine.
 Dividing group

Randomization is the second principle of experimental design.

Randomization is important statistics method to enhance the

balance between the groups.
 Dividing group

Replication is the third principle of experimental design .

∗ Experiment be required certain replication times.

∗ Experiment could be replicated by other researchers.

 Experimental results

Record the original data and figure.

Show the result as table﹑ figure﹑ words
and so on.
 Target 1 Target 2 Target 3 Target 4

Experimental group

Control group

Experimental group

Control group

1 T
2 3 4
 Conclusion

Summarize your experiment.

Surport or overthrow the hypothesis.

Conclusion must be proper, and should not be

exaggerated.