• Water Sources

• Water Pollution and Related

Diseases
• Sanitary Rules of Drinking Water
• Water Treatment
• Endemic Disease
• We need water to be well-being.

• We need water to develop the world.

• We are in danger of losing the

invaluable resource.
Figure1. Water distribution in the earth
 Rainwater (precipitation)

 Surface water

 Groundwater
 The quality of rainwater is generally
good, but easily affected by the air
pollutants.
 The quantity of rainwater is limited.
•Does not enter the ground
through infiltration.

•Is not returned to the

atmosphere by evaporation.

•Flows over the ground

surface.

•Is classified as direct

runoff.
Advantages/Disadvantages

 Softer
 Reliable source
 Quality is unstable
 Has two flow periods
 low flow period (period without rainfall)
 high flow period (period with rainfall).
 water found beneath the surface of
the ground.
 It is primarily water which has seeped
down from the surface by migrating
through the narrow spaces in soils
and geologic formations.
This is the largest artesian well in the world. There is tremendous
artesian pressure at this location. When this well came in, it blew out
rocks the size of basketballs 20 feet into the air!
Advantages/Disadvantages
 Advantages
 Clear, cool, colorless

 Uniform in character

 Better bacterial quality

 Less organic material

 Easy to protect

 Disadvantages
 High minerals

 Quantity hard to find out

 When pollutants are poured into the river, the
lake and so on, leading to the result that the
physical and chemical nature of the water
quality has been changed, reduces the use-
value of the water quality and do harm to the
human being’s health or destroy the balance of
the ecological system.
 Impairment of water for its intended use,
actual or potential, by man-caused
changes in the quality of water
 May be a natural substance
 May be a toxic synthetic compound
 Point Source Pollution
 Nonpoint source (NPS) Pollution
 Point Sources – A single definable source of
the pollution, e.g. a factory, a sewage plant,
etc.
 Nonpoint sources – No one single
source, but a wide range of sources,
e.g. runoff from urban areas, farmland,
or animal production.
 DO (Dissolved Oxygen)

 COD ( Chemical Oxygen Demand )

 BOD ( Biochemical Oxygen Demand )

 Nitrogenous Compound
 The amount of oxygen dissolved in
water. An indicator of oxygen content in
water measured in mg / L.
 Consumption and Resumption
 Solubility varies according
 temperature (-)
 elevation (-)

 salinity (-)
 Safe levels: greater than 5 mg/L

 Fishes normally require 4-6 mg/L

for survival.
 The amount of oxygen consumed by
bacteria to break down the organic
matter present in a water sample.
 BOD520 , the value of DO decreased of
1L water sample after being cultured
for 5 days under 20℃.
 When a sample with an initial DO of 8
mg/L drops the DO to 2 mg/L after 5
days culture under 20℃,
BOD520 = ? mg /L
Natural clean water has a BOD520 about 1
to 4 mg /L.
 The COD test is a chemical approximation of
the BOD test.
 Oxygen consumed by chemicals in reactions in
a water sample.
 Using oxidant oxidize 1L water under a well-
defined conditions and then detecting the
value of consumed DO.
 Standard of our country sets COD should not
exceed 2-3mg/L.
 Types
 ammonia

 ionized
 un-ionized
 nitrite
 nitrate
Ammonia
 Ammonia (NH3) results from the
breakdown of fish feed, and waste.
 Ionized (NH4+) and un-ionized (NH3).

 Chronic exposure of 0.06 mg/L in the

un-ionized form is toxic to warm water
species such as catfish.
Nitrite
 Nitrite (NO2-) is the intermediate product
in the breakdown of ammonia to nitrate
(nitrification)

 Nitrite levels greater than 0.60 mg/L or

10 times higher than the toxic threshold
for un-ionized ammonia is toxic to fish
Nitrate
 Nitrate (NO3-) is the final breakdown
product in the oxidation of ammonia

 Nitrate is relatively non-toxic to fish at

concentrations up to 3.0 mg/L
Nitrification

1½ O2 1½ O2
NH3 NO2- NO3-
nitrosomonas nitrobacter

 Requires 3 moles oxygen to convert one

mole of ammonia to nitrate
 Nitrification is an acidifying reaction
Relationships
Types of Water Pollutants

● Physical

● Chemical

● Biological
Physical Water Pollutants

●Suspended particles

●Waste heat or thermal pollution

●Radioisotopes
Suspended Particles
• Increases
turbidity and
water treatment
costs.
• Transports
sediment-bound
pollutants.
Thermal pollution lowers DO
levels and exposes aquatic life to
thermal shock