A bit of Ch 9 and 28 Applied,

Industrial and Biotechnical

Microbiology
Microbial manufacturing
Biotechnology Defined
The Use of microorganisms, cells, or cell
components to make a product.
1/5
th
of the manufacturing Jobs in the Bay
area are Biotechnology related.
Microorganisms represent an
almost limitless supply of
enzymatic reactions

May reduce the risks and complexities of
industrial syntheses
Is less expensive
By-products are usually less toxic
Used in environmental cleanup (In situ)
Commercial production of
Microorganisms
Fermentation projects (Beer and Wine)
Biomass where the physical structure of
the microbe is wanted
Baking yeast
Edible forms of bacteria (spirulina)
Single-cell protein SCP
May concentrate toxic compounds
Nucleic acids in large numbers are toxic
Biotransformation (Bioconversion)
Transformation of a chemical added to the
medium into a commercially valuable
compound
Fermenter
Are structures designed to optimize the
growth conditions of the specific
organisms that we want
Control oxygen, ph, medium, temperature and
nutrients antifoaming
Stirred tank reactor
Air lift reaction
Fermentation Technology
Figure 28.10
Two types of ways to grow
Continuous fermentation
Batch culturing
What are the advantages and
disadvantages of each
Mixed culture fermentation
Bioconversions
Example, bioconversion of steroids
Chemical synthesis requires 37 steps
Bioconversion requires 11 steps, reduces the
cost and shortens the time of manufacturing.
How these processes work
Use of immobilized cells (cells localized in
a matrix and the chemical is converted as
it flows pas the column
Microorganism and Agriculture
Ice-minus bacteria
Pseudomonas syringae promote ice formation at 2C
Scientists have used biotechnology to remove the
gene and these ice-strains can be sprayed on and
colonize.
Is genetically altered
EPA has stated that these bacteria use for biological
control decrease the presence of wild type bacteria
and this must be registered as pesticides. Will greatly
increase the cost of these products
Frost Technologies corporation registered
with EPA a mixture of naturally occurring
bacteria
Microbial pesticides
Why?
Troubles with DDT
Resistance by insects
Biological magnification
Long half life banned in 1972
Microbial pesticides represent a
biodegradable way to control
insects

Over 100 microbial pathogens have been
identified for insets
These can be genetically altered to
increase their potentency
The genes for these toxins can be placed
in our food plants.
One such item
Bacillus thuringiensis produces a toxin (BT
toxin) that is toxic to certain types of insect
larvae that feed on plants.
Drawback only occur in sporulating cells.
Genes were transferred to Pseudomonas
and are produced all the time.
Work is underway to increase the range of
these toxins and to stabilize the toxins.

Baculovirus are invertebrate
specific DNA viral proteins
Has narrow host range
Organism continues to feed for a time after
it is infected.
Products from Microorganisms
Primary Metabolites Secondary Metabolites
Amino Acids Antibiotics
Vitamins Pigments
Polysaccharides Toxins
Ethanol Alkaloids
Acetone and Butanol Many pharmacological
compounds
Primary metabolites
Are produced during an organisms growth
phase
Primary Fermentation
Figure 28.11a
Secondary metabolites
Are not essential to cell growth or function.
Secondary Fermentation
Figure 28.11b
Enzyme products
Enzyme Use
Lipase Enhances flavor in cheese making
Lactase Lactose free milk products
Protease Detergent additive, clear beer
-Amylase High fructose corn syrup
Pectinase Reduces cloudiness in wine/juice
TPA Tissue Plasminogen Activator,
dissolves blood clots
Fuels
Hydrogen from species of Clostridium and
Chlorella
Ethanol (High cost of input, only 12%
conversion)
High temp fermenter
Use of green waste
Plastics
Use of living organism to make complex
polymers
Would all be biodegradable
Poly beta hydroxyalkanoate
Metal Extraction
Extraction of specific metals from flowing
water or oceans
Use of specific transport proteins to
remove certain chemicals
Biological Leaching of Copper
Ores
Figure 28.14a
What can microorganisms do.
Microbes can do all the things that we
currently use chemistry and energy to do,
we just do not know how to use the
microbes yet.
In the future we will use microorganism to
Convert waste into usable items like
energy and food.
Harvest metals from the oceans
Clean toxic waste
Deal with hazardous materials that
currently cannot be contained.
Summary
We are on a new verge of discovery, same
as the one we went through 5000 years
ago, how can we use microbes, just like
with animal and plant husbandry to make
our lives easier.
Preserving our Food
A public health process is preserving our food.
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
(HACCP) system
Safeguard food from farm to fork
Designed to prevent contamination
Identifying where contamination can occur
Requires monitoring
Temperature
For Microbes
Food Microbiology
Preserving food is synonymous with
preventing growth of microorganisms
Modern types of food preservation
Canning
Steam under pressure
Use Clostridium botulinum as a test organism
Some endospores or thermopiles can survive
commercial sterilization
Aseptic Packaging
Sterile contents are added to sterile
containers in an aseptic manner
Presterilized materials
assembled into
packages and
aseptically filled
(Aseptic packaging)
Gamma radiation kills
bacteria, insects, and
parasitic worms
High-energy electrons
Food Preservation
Figure 28.4
Radiation and Industrial food
preservation
Gamma radiation can be used to sterilize
food, kill insects and parasitic worms, and
prevent the sprouting of fruits and
vegetables
Discussion
The Role of the FDA?
http://www.fda.gov/ see video on anatomy
of an outbreak