Wheat

Presented By: Group E

 Key Notes
• Introduction & History – Zahir Gul

• Production –

• Uses –

• Issues – Muhammad Waqas

• Conclusion – Muhammad Waqas

• Questions and Answers Session

 Introduction & History
• Appox. 7500 years back
• Agriculture – Wheat
• Wild grass known as “Triticeae”
• Einkon and Emmer were the founders
• As food 1100B.C

Zahir
Introduction & History (Cont’d)
• Native places Isreal, Turkey, Iraq and
Persian Gulf
• Bread wheat was in Nile Valley, India, China
and England about back 5,000. By 4,000 BC
• Wheat was introduced to by Spaniards
around 1520 and to American Colonists in
1600
• Women played an important role

Zahir
 Green Revolution
• Time period 1960 – 1970
• Pakistan, India, Mexico and other developing
countries
• Based on years of scientific research
• wheat production double in a few years
• In 1970 Pakistan and India were awarded
The Noble Prize

Zahir
Introduction & History (Cont’d)
• Two Season of Wheat
– Winter Wheat
• Planted in Fall Season
• Harvested in Summer

– Spring Wheat
• Planted in Spring Season
• Harvested in late Summer

Zahir
Introduction & History (Cont’d)
• Two crops season
– Rabi Crop
• Planting period October – January
• Harvested b/w April – June
• Wheat, Gram, Tabacco, Rape seeds, Mustard etc.

– Kharif Crop
• Planting period April – September
• Harvested in October – March
• Rice, Cotton, Maize, Sugarcane etc.

Zahir
 Production
• Production
– 220 million hectares area producing 725 million metric tons - average of
2700 kg/ha

– Pakistan-top ten wheat producing countries why still importing

– Spring wheat as a Rabi crop

– Punjab (71.17 %) the Sindh (13.38 %) yield per acre in Sindh (2,410 kg)
Punjab (2,316 kg).
– Climatic and eco-zones of Pak, Mexico and Egypt

– Why their yield is higher?

– Mexican varieties in 60s

– Pakistan =2325 Kg/ha, Egypt=6338 Kg/ha, Mexico=4752 Kg/ha

 Production (Cont’d)
• Low yield factors and solutions
– twelve production zones (disease prevalence, yield potential, cropping
pattern and climatic factors

– Factors of low yield

– irrigated areas 80% rest in rain-fed

– Delay in sowing (25 oct-15 dec)

– Cultivation at optimum time

– Prevalence of high intensity of weeds

– Imbalance use of fertilizer

– Weeds decline 15 to 40 per cent "Pohalli”

 Production (Cont’d)
• Cultivation Methods
– Crop rotation, weeding and chemical weedicides should be done

– Weeds removal within 4-6 weeks of seeding

– Recommended dose with 120 liters of water after first irrigation

– Healthy, certified seeds

– Chemical treatment- Benlate/Vitavax 200 at r 2.5 gms/kg seed

– Well drained soil

– early sowing and proper spacing(22-23 cm and 5-6deep)

– For Good yield-20-22lakh per hectare use 100 to 125 kg seeds

– 20-22 lakhs per hectare using 100-125 kg of seed

 Production (Cont’d)
• Fertilizers – Storage
– Nitrogenous and Phosphatic fertilizers 1:1 or 1:1-1/2.
– Potassium sulphate =12-15 kgs potash/acre.
– proper crop rotation and green manure
– water requirements at tillering and between anthesis and grain formation
, 4-6 irrigations
– Harvesting 2-3 days earlier in case of semi dwarf improved varieties
moisture is around 16-17 percent
– Bring down moisture at 9-10 percent for storage
– should be stored in proper clean stores in clean bags to avoid insect
damage
 Uses
• Wheat (Staple food)
– Wheat as staple food
– Source of energy and strength
– Number of dietary constituents
– Red wheat, white wheat, bald wheat, beared
wheat, summer wheat and winter wheat
 Advantages and Disadvantages

• Necessary for a healthy • Celiac disease (an

metabolism, as it autoimmune disorder) in the
• Prevents breast cancer small intestine.
,gallstone, childhood asthma
and heart risks • Diarrhea and fatigue.
• Reduces risks of blood
pressure, diabetes and high • Causes skin fungus
cholesterol.
• Antipyretic, antihydrotic,
antibilious, sedative and • Ergot causes convulsions and
having anticancer property hyperexitibility
• Phyto nutrient which promotes
better health through
maintaining high blood level.
 Miracles of Biotech
– Procedures to increase yield resistant, high
quality and growth
– Nanobiotech to face biotic, abiotic stress
– Resistant to diseases, salinity and water
logging
– Sarsabz
– Soghat 90
– Jauhar 78( Pavon)
 Diseases of Wheat
– Diseases caused by bacteria, virus, parasitic
fungus
– Leaf rust, stem rust, dwarf bunt, karnal bunt,
ergot, scab and barley yellow spot
– Pests like sting bugs, cereal leaf beetle and
leaf maggots
Uses (Cont’d)
 Uses (Cont’d)
• Advantages and Disadvantages on Environment

• Free air CO2 • Monocrop leads to

enrichment (FACE) soil depletion,
• Temperature above removal of minerals,
30 Celsius and soil fertility.
• Environment friendly • Use of pesticide
crop contaminates soil,
• Causes enrichment in underwater, air and
air beneficial microbes.
Issues

Waqas
Roti, Kapra aur Makan

Source: Geo News Web Waqas

 Issues
• Zamindars System
• Unskilled, Uneducated Labours
• Price of Fertilizers
– DAP (Diammonium phosphate) Rs 4,000 – Rs
3,100
– Urea Rs 1,120 – Rs 640
• Use of Banned and Unhealthy Seeds
• Delay in Payments
• Smuggling

Waqas
 Conclusion
• Land reform
• Long term long to farmers
• Proper training and education
• Availability of seed, fertilizers and pesticides

Waqas
 Conclusion (Cont’d)
• On time Payments
• Strong Checks on Smuggling
• Follow the International Trends
– Green Revolution
– Organic Food

Waqas
Thank You for your time!

Questions and Answers