CILIATEA

Balantidium coli
SPOROZOA
COCCIDIA (EIMERINA)
Ib, Sh, Sl, Tg, Cp
HAEMOSPORINA
Plasmodiums


Largest protozoa invading man
Commonly seen in feces of pigs
Habitat: Cecum
Pathology: Ulceration of cecal mucosa

CYST

TROPHOZOITE
GENUS AND SPECIES Balantidium coli
DISEASE PRODUCED Balantidiasis
INFECTIVE STAGE Cyst
DEFINITIVE HOST Man
PORTAL ENTRY Mouth
MANNER OF TRANSMISSION Ingestion of MATURE CYST
HABITAT Cecum
PATHOGENIC STAGE Troppozoite
LOCOMOTIVE APPARATUS Cilia
MOTILITY Directional tumbling motolity
PATHOGENESIS Lytic Necrosis
MODE OF REPRODUCTION Transverse binary fission
TYPE OF ENCYSTMENT Protective only
OTHER CHARACTERISTIC Dysenteric Water
TREATMENT METRONIDAZOLE
Isospora belli
Sarcocystis hominis
Sarcocystis lindemanni
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryptosporidium parvum
Intracellular parasite with no definitive
organ of locomotion
Life cycle is characterized bu alteration
or generation
Schizogony: asexual cycle occuring at
intermediate host
Sporogony: sexual cycle occuring at
definitive host

Oocyst : elongated, double walled, with
narrowing at one side (papaya shaped)
With sporoblast: inside the oocyst (thus
immature oocyst); maybe single or
double nucleus; secretes cyst wall
forming sporocyst inside the oocyst
The nucleus of sporocyst divides into four
forming sporozoites

GENUS AND SPECIES Isospora belli
DISEASE PRODUCED Human Coccidiosis
INTERMEDIATE HOST Man
DEFINITIVE HOST Man
INFECTIVE STAGE Mature Oocyst
PATHOGENIC STAGE Trophozoite, merozoite,sporozoite
PORTAL OF ENTRY Mouth
MANNER OF TRANSMISSION Ingestion of mature oocyst
HABITAT Distal duodenum and proximal
jejunum
PATHOGENESIS Abdominal Pain, Mucoid Diarrhea
DIAGNOSTIC APPEARANCE Neck-like apperance of oocyst
MODE OF REPRODUCTION Binary Fission
Oocyst 8 banana shaped sporozoites
Sarcocyst None
TREATMENT Co-trimazole, pyrimethamine and
sulfadiozone
INTESTINAL SARCOCYTIS INFECTION
Caused by S. hominis
Produces oocyst
Man is DH
Cattle and Pig are IH
EXTRAINTESTINAL SARCOCYTIS INFECTION
Caused by S. lindemanni
Produces sarcocyst
Man is IH
DH is unknown

GENUS AND SPECIES Sarcocystis hominis Sarcocystis lindemanni
DISEASE PRODUCED Intestinal sarcocystis Extraintestinal sarcocystis,
Sarcosporodiosis
INTERMEDIATE HOST Cattle and Pig Man
DEFINITIVE HOST Man UNKOWN (Cat and Dog)
INFECTIVE STAGE Sarcocyst Mature Oocyst
PATHOGENIC STAGE Merozoite Merozoite, Sporozoite
PORTAL OF ENTRY Mouth Mouth
MANNER OF
TRANSMISSION
Ingestion of improperly cook beef
or pork
Ingestion of improperly cooked
pork or beef contaminated with
feces of cat and dog
HABITAT Intestine in lamina propia Intestine
PATHOGENESIS Destruction of the epithelia of the
intestine
Destruction of vascular
epithelium, inflammation of
muscle, Hypersensitivity reaction
DIAGNOSTIC
APPEARANCE
Straited wall of sarcocyst due to
thin villi
With merozoite and tachyzoite
Oocyst Identical to Isospora belli Same
Sarcocyst Contain metrocyst (large round
cell)
With metrocyst found in skeletal
muscle and cardiac muscle of
man
TREATMENT Similar to Isospora belli No specific treatment
Reproduction is by endogeny: division in
which 2 daughter trophozoites are
formed within he parent cell
Domestic cat can produce the highly
infectious oocyst

TROPHOZOITE: 4-8 x 2-3 um
Pyriform or cresentic in shape; one end is more
rounded than the other with spherical or ovoid
nucleus
CYST: 100 um in diameter
Contain 50 to several thousands of bradyzoites
CW is eosinophilic, argyrophilic and isually
weakly PAS (+)
OOCYST:10 x 12 um
Has 2 layers with 2 sporocyst and each sporocyst
contain 4 sporozoites


GENUS AND SPECIES Toxoplasma gondii
DISEASE PRODUCED Toxoplasmosis
INTERMEDIATE HOST Man
DEFINITIVE HOST Cat
INFECTIVE STAGE Trophozoite, Oocyst, Cyst
PORTAL OF ENTRY Mouth
MANNER OF TRANSMISSION Ingestion, Transplacental,
inhalation
HABITAT Tissue
PATHOGENESIS Grow in eyes, brain, skeletal
muscle, localized proliferation,
immunologic hypersensitivity
MODE OF REPRODUCTION Endodyogeny
Oocyst Oocyst red stain
Yeast- Green in AFS
Sarcocyst None
TREATMENT Same as crypto
MORPHOLOGY:
Trophozoite and Schizont: 2-5 um attached
to host cell membrane
Oocyst: 4-5 um with sporozoites but WITHOUT
SPROCYST

GENUS AND SPECIES Cryptosporidium parvum
DISEASE PRODUCED Crytosporidiosis
INTERMEDIATE HOST Man
DEFINITIVE HOST Man
INFECTIVE STAGE Matue Oocyst
MANNER OF TRANSMISSION Ingestion of Mature Oocyst
HABITAT Brush border of the stomach,
intestine and gallbladder
PATHOGENESIS Destruction of host cell
DIAGNOSTIC APPEARANCE Without sporocyst, schizont,
produce 8 falciform merozoite
MODE OF REPRODUCTION Merogony
Oocyst 4 sporozoite without sporocyst
Sarcocyst none
TREATMENT Spirimycin, pyrimethamine,
sulfadiozone, somatostatin
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium falciparum
Required transmission with insect vectors
generally Anopheles mosquito which
carries the sporogony cycle
Schizogony cycle occurs in man thus IH
Anopheles Mosquito is the DH
Invades RBC and causes MALARIA
Life span- more than one month
Generally cant fly above 2 meters from
the ground
Female mosquito suck blood of anima
(needs hemoglobin for ovi production)
Generally night suckers (6pm to 4am)
Breed on water that are slow running,
clean water


GENUS AND SPECIES PLASMODIA
DEFINITIVE HOST ANOPHELES MOSQUITO
INFECTIVE STAGE TO DH Gametocyte
LIFECYCLE IN DH Sprogonic cycle
END PRODUCT Sprozoite
INTERMEDIATE HOST Man
INFECTIVE STAGE TO IH Sporozoite
PORTAL OF ENTRY Skin
LIFE CYCLE IN IH Schozogonic cycle
END PRODUCT Merozoite
MANNER OF TRANSMISSION Mosquito bite, blood transfusion,
transplacental
MEANS OF LOCOMOTION None
HABITAT RBC, Liver cell
PATHOGENIC STAGE Trophozoite, Merozoite
PATHOGENESIS Tissue Anoxia

GENUS AND SPECIES P. vivax P. ovale
DISEASE PRODUCED Benign Tertian Ovale Malaria
PAROXYSM 48 hours 48 hours
TYPE OF RBC Reticulocyte Retuculocyte
SCHIZOGONIC CYCLE:
YOUNG TROPHOZOITE Normal Size RBC, Ring form
GROWING TROPHOZOITE Slightly enlarged RBC, loose
amoeboid cytoplasm
Presence of stippling
MATURE TROPHOZOITE
YOUNG SCHIZONT Enlarged RBC, 2 chromatin
dots
GROWING SCHIZONT 3-11 chromatin dots
MATURE SCHIZONT Enlarged RBC, 12-24 CD
haphazardly arranged
TOTAL NUMBER OF
MEROZOITE
12-24
MICROGAMETOCYTE Enlarged RBC, Mass of
chromatin dots located
centrally
MACROGAMETOCYTE Enlarged RBC, CD located
peripheraly
STIPPLING SCHUFFNERS DOTS James Dots

GENUS AND SPECIES P. malariae P. Falciparum
DISEASE PRODUCED Quartan malaria Malignant Tertian, subtertian
PAROXYSM 72 hours 36-48 hours
TYPE OF RBC Old RBC All stages
SCHIZOGONIC CYCLE:
YOUNG TROPHOZOITE Normal Size RBC, Single
chromatin dot with bib-like
cytoplasm
Normal RBC, pleomorphic
form
GROWING TROPHOZOITE Presence of stippling Presence of stippling
MATURE TROPHOZOITE
YOUNG SCHIZONT
GROWING SCHIZONT 3-5 chromatin dots 3-7 chromatin dots
MATURE SCHIZONT Normal size RBC, 6-12 CD
arranged in rossete
18-24-32 cd
TOTAL NUMBER OF
MEROZOITE
6-12 18-24-32
MICROGAMETOCYTE Kidney bean shaped, diffuse
CD
MACROGAMETOCYTE Crescent shaped, compact
CD
STIPPLING Ziemanns dots Maurerr, Christopher,
Granham dots